Fluid Assessment and Balance Flashcards

1
Q

How is total fluid requirement determined?

A

Total requirement = maintenance + deficit + ongoing loss

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2
Q

Average healthy adult daily water requirement / loss sites?

A
Average adults needs 2.5L/d
Loss to:
-200mL/d GI
-800mL/d insensible (resp, perspiration)
-1500mL/d urine (caution w/ renal failure)
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3
Q

Conditions increasing fluid requirement?

A
  • Fever
  • Sweating
  • GI loss (NGT/ V / D)
  • Adrenal insufficiency
  • Hyperventilation
  • Polyuric renal disease
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4
Q

Conditions decreasing fluid requirements?

A
  • Anuria / oliguria
  • SIADH
  • Highly humidified atmospheres
  • CHF
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5
Q

How are the maintenance requirements for crystalloids calculated?

A

4: 2:1 rule =
- 4mL/kg/h ==> 1st 10kg
- 2mL/kg/h ==> 2nd 10kg
- 1mL/kg/h ==> thereafter

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6
Q

What are the maintenance requirements for electrolytes for average person?

A

Na+: 3mEq/kg/d

K+ : 1mEq/kg/d

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7
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of mild dehydration?

A

Mild = 3% water loss

  • Decreased skin turgor
  • sunken eyes
  • dry mucous membranes
  • dry tongue
  • reduced sweating
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8
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of moderate dehydration?

A

Mod = 6% water loss

  • Oliguria
  • Orthostatic hTN
  • tachycardia
  • low volume pulse
  • cool extremities
  • reduce filling of peripheral veins and CVP
  • Haemoconcentration
  • apathy
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9
Q

What are the signs ad symptoms of severe dehydration?

A

Severe = 9% water loss

  • Profound oliguria / anuria
  • Compromised CNS function w/ or w/o altered sensorium
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10
Q

Sources of ongoing fluid loss?

A
  • Tubes: Foley catheter, NGT, surgical drain
  • 3rd spacing (pleura, GIT, retro-/peritoneal); evaporation via exposed viscera, burns
  • ongoing loss due to surgical exposure and evaporative losses
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11
Q

Do IV fluids alter O2 perfusion capacity?

A

NO. Improve perfusion but NOT O2 carrying capacity of blood.

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12
Q

What is crystalloid?

A

Salt-containing solutions that distribute within the ECF

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13
Q

Replacement with crystalloid to maintain euvolemia in pt with blood loss?

A

Replace 3:1

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14
Q

What should be used if large volume replacement required?

A

Balanced fluids e.g Ringer’s lactate (too much NSal may lead to hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis)

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15
Q

What is colloid?

A

-Includes protein colloids (albumin and gelatine solutions) and non-protein colloids (starches e.g. hydroxyethol starch/HES and dextrans)

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16
Q

Where do colloids distribute?

A

Within the ICF

17
Q

Replacement with colloid in blood loss?

A

1:1 (to replace intravascular volume)

18
Q

What must you monitor for with large volume colloid infusions?

A

Coagulopathy

19
Q

Describe the extracellular volume environment

A
  • Sodium and Chloride
  • Environment supports intracellular osmolality, cell membrane transport and delivery of nutrients and removal of waste (circulation)
20
Q

Describe the intracellular volume environment

A
  • Potassium, organic anions

- Environment supporting intracellular function and cell membrane transport

21
Q

What percentage of body weight is total body water?

A

Total body water ~60% body weight

22
Q

Percentage of TBW in ECF volume?

23
Q

Primary influence on ECF volume?

A

ECF primarily varies with osmolar (Na+ and Cl-) content.
Subject to intake less than excretion.
i.e. LOW Na+ Content = LOW ECV; HIGH Na+ = HIGH ECV

24
Q

Percentage of TBW in ICF?

25
Primary influence on ICF volume? WHY?
Intracellular osmolarity held fairly constant (i.e. K+, organic anions) ICV varies when water intake
26
How is ECV assessed?
- Hx (abn intake/excretion) - Oedema / CV exam - Urine concentration / [Na+]
27
Water shifts following loss of sodium rich fluid (e.g. diarrhoea)
``` ECV deplete: -low BP -tachycardia -peripheral vasoconstriction -low urine sodium -concentrated urine ICV UNCHANGED ```
28
What is the cause of low osmolality / sodium?
Water intake greater than ability to excrete (N = 20L/d)
29
What are the causes of low plasma osmolality / sodium?
- Increased ADH - Decreased distal tubule flow (decreased renal perfusion) - Other tubular factors (limiting free water excretion) - Drugs (with variable contributions from above factors): diuretics, carbamazepine, antidepressants (SSRis 12%)