FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES

Question 1

HYPERNATRAEMIA:
(133-146 mmol/L )
What are symptoms?

Answer 1

convulsions
hypovolaemia
thirst
dehydration
oliguria
postural hypotension
tachycardia

Question 2

HYPERNATRAEMIA:
(133-146 mmol/L )
What drugs cause it?

Answer 2

contraceptives
corticosteroids
sodium bicarbonate
saline
lithium

can be causes by volume depletion.

Question 3

HYPONAETRAEMIA:
(133-146 mmol/L )
What are symptoms?

Answer 3

drowsiness, confusion, convulsions, N+V, headaches, cramps

Question 4

HYPONAETRAEMIA:
(133-146 mmol/L )
What drugs cause it?

Answer 4

SSRI
loop and thiazide diuretics
carbamazepine
desmopressin

Question 5

HYPONAETRAEMIA:
(133-146 mmol/L )
What is treatment?

Answer 5

Mild to moderate; oral NaCl/ NaCO3
add glucose if water depletion

Severe;
IV saline - peripheral or central vein
slowly due to risk of osmotic demyelination syndrome

Question 6

CALCIUM IMBALANCE;
HYPERCALCAEMIA/ CALCIURIA
(2.1-2.58mmol/L corrected)
What are causes?

Answer 6

Drugs;
thiazides
tamoxifen
lithium

can cause renal damage and cardiac arrest >3.5 mmol/L
malignancy, thyrotoxicosis
hyperthyroidism

Question 7

CALCIUM IMBALANCE;
HYPOCALCAEMIA
(2.1-2.58mmol/L corrected)?

What can it cause ?

Answer 7

Osteoporosis

Question 8

CALCIUM IMBALANCE;
HYPOCALCAEMIA
(2.1-2.58mmol/L corrected)
What is treatment?

Answer 8

calcium and vit D

Question 9

CALCIUM IMBALANCE;
HYPOCALCAEMIA
(2.1-2.58mmol/L corrected)
What can cause it?

Answer 9

hypoparathyroidism
chronic renal impairment

biphosphonates
loop diuretics
phenytoin

Question 10

HYPOMAGNESAEMIA:
0.7 – 1.05 mmol/L
What are side effects?

Answer 10

tetany, arrhythmias, tachycardia, respiratory depression

Question 11

HYPOMAGNESAEMIA:
0.7 – 1.05 mmol/L
What are causes?

Answer 11

severe diarrhoea or malnutrition
thiazide/loop diuretics
ciclosporin
biphosphonates

Question 12

HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA;
What causes it?

Symptoms;

Answer 12

prolonged periods of starvation and responsible for referring symptoms

Arrythmias
rhabdomyolysis
seizures and confusion

Question 13

HYPERPHOSPHATE
0.85-1.45mmol/L
What are causes?

Answer 13

CKD
Hypoparathyroidism

muscle cramps
tetant
perioral numbness
tingling

Question 14

HYPERKALAEMIA;
What are causes?

Answer 14

renal failure, Addison’s
disease, hypoxia or diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 15

HYPERKALAEMIA;
What is treatment?

Answer 15

Calcium then insulin/glucose or bicarbonate

Question 16

HYPOKALAEMIA;
What are symptoms?

Answer 16

Symptoms include muscle weakness, hypotonia, parayltic ileus, depression, confusion and arrhythmias.

Question 17

HYPOKALAEMIA;
What is causes?

Answer 17

by persistent
vomiting or diarrhoea, aldosteronism,
Cushing’s syndrome.

Question 18

HYPONAETREAMIA;
What are symptoms?

Answer 18

Muscle
weakness, confusion, cardiac failure and
seizures appear when levels fall below 100 –
120 mmol/L.

Question 19

HYPONAETREAMIA;
What are causes?

Answer 19

cardiac failure
carbamazepine, thiazide
diuretics.