fluid and electrolytes

Question 1

Indications of dehydration

Answer 1

dry mucous membranes
tongue furrows (grooves on top)
chronic dehydration

Question 2

Hyponatremia levels

Answer 2

level below 135

level less than 115 is critical

Question 3

hyponatremia etiology (causes)

Answer 3

vomiting, diarrhea, burns, GI suctioning, renal disease, heart failure, adrenal insufficiency

Question 4

hyponatremia manifestations (symptoms)

Answer 4

edema, muscle cramps, weakness, tremors, muscle twitching

Question 5

hyponatremia management

Answer 5

0.9% normal saline IV, promote safety, increase sodium rich foods

Question 6

hypernatremia levels

Answer 6

sodium level greater than 145

level greater than 160 is critical

Question 7

hypernatremia etiology (causes)

Answer 7

inappropriate use of oral electrolyte solution
impaired thirst mechanism
corticosteroids can cause hypernatremia

Question 8

hypernatremia symptoms

Answer 8

sweating, confusion, muscle twitching, seizures, diarrhea

Question 9

hypernatremia assessment

Answer 9

assess level of consciousness

Question 10

hyperkalemia levels

Answer 10

potassium level greater than 5.3

level above 7 is critical

Question 11

hyperkalemia etiology (causes)

Answer 11

renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, starvation, acidosis

Question 12

hyperkalemia manifestations (symptoms)

Answer 12

peaked t waves, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest, paresthesia

Question 13

hyperkalemia management

Answer 13

sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexolate) po or enema, Insulin which causes potassium to move into cells

Question 14

hypokalemia levels

Answer 14

potassium less than 3.5

critical level below 2.5

Question 15

hypokalemia etiology (causes)

Answer 15

vomiting, alkalosis, gastric suctioning, corticosteroid, potassium-depleting diuretic, long term iv fluid without added potassium

Question 16

hypokalemia manifestations (symptoms)

Answer 16

dysrhythmias, anorexia, muscle cramps, suppressed insulin secretion, decreased bowel sounds, ileus, digoxin toxicity

Question 17

hypokalemia management

Answer 17

replacement of potassium IV or po

Question 18

hypocalcemia levels

Answer 18

calcium level below 9

Question 19

hypocalemia etiology (causes)

Answer 19

renal failure (big cause), alkalosis, large volume of titrated blood in a transfusion

Question 20

hypocalcemia manifestations (symptoms)

Answer 20

bradycardia, hypotension, trousseau (shaking), chvostek (twitching), numbness, tingling, muscle cramps, confusion, lip and face spasms

Question 21

hypocalcemia management

Answer 21

Iv replacement at moderate rate

Question 22

magnesium levels

Answer 22

1.8-3.0

Question 23

magnesium roles in the body

Answer 23

energy production, protein synthesis, neuromuscular function

60% found in bones 40% found in muscles

Question 24

fluid overload

Answer 24

hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased

Question 25

dehydrated

Answer 25

hemoglobin and hematocrit higher, fluid is more concentrated

Question 26

fluid volume deficit and dehydration diagnostic test

Answer 26

electrolyte panel, elevated BUN, urine specific gravity

Question 27

fluid volume deficit and dehydration clinical therapies

Answer 27

oral hydration, IV fluids 0.9% normal saline

Question 28

fluid volume deficit and dehydration lifespan considerations

Answer 28

low birth weight and tachypenic

Question 29

sodium level

Answer 29

135-145

assist in osmotic pressure

Question 30

potassium level

Answer 30

3.5-5.0

plays role in cellular depolarization and repolarization

Question 31

calcium levels

Answer 31

9-11

Question 32

calcium roles in the body

Answer 32

blood clotting, bone and teeth formation, control of muscle contractions

Question 33

calcium levles are controlled by

Answer 33

vitamin D, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone

Question 34

system effects of fluid volume deficit and dehydration

Answer 34

neuro- altered mental status
urinary- increase in specific gravity
cardio- tachycardia, hypotension, high hematocrit

Question 35

fluid volume deficit and dehydration initial sign

Answer 35

thirst