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Block 2 Week 1 & 2 F&E ANS Role Dev > Fluid and Electrolyte Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolyte Lecture 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Cardiac: weak, irregular heart rate, orthostatic hypotension, palpitations
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypokalemia

Study Tip:
Potassium = Cardiac
Hyper = Fast
Hypo = Slow

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1
Q

What does MURDER mean when describing the signs and symptoms of HYPERKALEMIA?

A 
Muscle Weakness
Urine [Oliguria, Anuria]
Respiratory distress
Decreased Cardiac Contractility
EKG charges
Reflexes [Hyperreflexia or Areflexia(flaccid)]
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2
Q

What does CATS mean when describing the signs and symptoms of HYPOCALCEMIA?

A

Convulsions
Arrhythmias
Tetany
Stridor and Spasms

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3
Q

Urine specific gravity less than 1.010

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Tests: Hyponatremia

Study Tip: Low urine concentration because there is a lot of water in the blood which is diluting the salt or there is an excessive loss of salt.

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3
Q

Oliguria

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

Study Tip: ^ K+ is caused by decreased urine production because potassium is excreted through the urine.

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4
Q

What does FRIED SALT mean when describing the signs and symptoms of HYPERNATREMIA?

A

Flushed Skin and Fever [Low Grade]
Restless [Irritable, Anxious, and Confused]
Increased Blood Pressure and Fluid Retention
Edema [Peripheral and Pitting]
Decreased urine output and dry mouth

Skin flushed
Agitation
Low grade fever
Thirst

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5
Q

What does A SIC WALT mean when describing the signs and symptoms of HYPOKALEMIA?

A 
Alkalosis
Shallow Respirations 
Irritability 
Confusion [Drowsiness]
Weakness [Fatigue]
Arrhythmias [Irregular Rate & Tachycardia]
Lethargy
Thready Pulse

also Decreased Intestinal Motility
[Nausea, Vomiting, and Ileus]

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6
Q

Serum K less than 3.5 mEq/L

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hypokalemia

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7
Q

Diuretics with fluids to increase sodium loss

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hypernatremia

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9
Q

Neuromuscular nerve impulse transmission.

What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Potassium

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9
Q

Major cation in teeth and bones.
This cation also binds highly to protein.
What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Calcium

Study Tip: Calcium binds with Phosphorus which causes them to have an inverse relationship. Calcium also binds with H+ ions to decrease acidosis.

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10
Q

Diuretics, diabetic glycosuria, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive diaphoresis, burns, fever, aldosterone deficiency
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypovolemia

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11
Q

Serum Na+ over 145 mEq/L

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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13
Q

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic NonKetoic Syndrome means the same thing as _________.

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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14
Q

What does MACHINE mean when describing the causes of HYPERKALEMIA?

A 
Medications [ACE Inhibitors, NSAIDS]
Acidosis [Respiratory or Metabolic]
Cellular Destruction [Burns/Traumatic Injury]
Hypoaldosteronism [Hemodialysis]
Intake [Excessive]
Nephrons [Renal Failure]
Excretion [Impaired]
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15
Q

Inability to ingest fluids.

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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16
Q

EKG: flattened P wave, widened QRS, and a tented T wave,

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hyperkalemia

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17
Q

Can irritate veins and cause chemical phlebitis
NEVER given IV push.
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A. Hypokalemia

Study Tip: K+ IS NEVER GIVEN IV PUSH/IM/SUBCU!
Do not put ice on a K+ IV site because it will constricts the blood vessels and cause more pain by allowing more of the vessels surface area to come in contact with the substance. RN can ask to have lidocaine added to the bag to decrease irritation.

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18
Q

MAIN ECF cation, most abundant in body
Loss or gain usually coincides with water +/-
What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Sodium

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19
Q

Serum Na+ over 145 mEq/L

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Tests: Hypernatremia

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19
Q

K+ Dietary consultation

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A. Hypokalemia

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19
Q

Poor Ca+ absorption

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia
Rationale: especially post menopause

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21
Q

When calcium increases what happens to phosphorus levels?

A

Decrease

Study Tip: inverse relationship they bond together and are excreted as salts

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22
Q

Oral fluid replacement, IV if necessary. Fluids given gradually over 48 hours.
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hypernatremia

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23
Q

This imbalance causes muscle weakness by inhibiting muscular excitability. increased ________ binds to the cell membrane and prevent cell membrane permeability closing the sodium channels to the cell.

A

Hypercalcemia

calcium

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24
Q

Isotonic IV fluids (NS), high sodium foods

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hyponatremia

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25
Q

Dialysate with NO Ca+

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hypercalcemia

Study Tip: Dialysate using dialysis can be used if in renal failure but can’t have calcium in it during hypercalcemia. Most dialysate has high levels of calcium in the fluid.

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26
Q

Regulates ECF volume, water distribution

What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Sodium

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27
Q

Hypothalamic disorders. (brain’s thirst center)

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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29
Q

Non-renal losses of potassium (laxative abuse, vomiting, diarrhea, prolonged NG suction, and wound drainage)
What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypokalemia

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30
Q

Dry, cracked mucous membranes
Weak, rapid pulse
Low blood pressure or orthostatic hypotension

What do these symptoms happen with related to hypovolemia?

A

A: Use of Diuretics, diabetic glycosuria, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive diaphoresis, pt has burns, fever, aldosterone deficiency

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31
Q

Poor skin turgor
Dry, cracked mucous membranes
Weak, rapid pulse
Low blood pressure or orthostatic hypotension

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypovlemia or hypernatremia

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32
Q

Hypovolemia causes what symptoms?

A

A: Dry, cracked mucous membranes
Weak, rapid pulse
Low blood pressure or orthostatic hypotension

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33
Q

Edema
Hypertension
Weight gain
Rapid, bounding pulse

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hyponatremia or hypervolemia

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34
Q

Serum osmolality less than 280 (dilute blood)

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Tests: Hyponatremia

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36
Q

Edema
Hypertension
Weight gain
Rapid, bounding pulse

What do these symptoms happen with related to hyponatremia?

A

A: Happens with:
Heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, renal failure, overhydration

Need to make another slide for this with ppt

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37
Q

Increased urine specific gravity and elevated urine Na in patients with SIADH
What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Tests: Hyponatremia

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37
Q

Elevated Hct and plasma protein

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Tests: Hyponatremia

Why?

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37
Q

S/sx Varies with cause and severity
Mild with hypervolemia.
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hyponatremia

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38
Q

Exchanged for H+ ions when pH increases.

What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Potassium

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39
Q

Restrict fluids to prevent fluid overload
Give patient oral Na+ supplements
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hyponatremia

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40
Q

ICU placement if swelling of brain cells occurs

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: More severe Hyponatremia: Na+ < 120 mEq/L

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40
Q

Hypertonic IV solution ( ___% or ___% saline) if symptomatic

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: 3%-5%
Treatment: More severe Hyponatremia: Na+ < 120 mEq/L

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41
Q

To avoid fluid overload administer Na+ slowly and give diuretics (furosemide)
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: More severe Hyponatremia: Na+ < 120 mEq/L

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42
Q

Which is more common electrolyte imbalance seen in patients?

A

A: Hyponatremia

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43
Q

This is less common than hyponatremia?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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44
Q

This fluid and electrolyte imbalance if left untreated can lead to seizures, coma, and permanent neurological damage?

A

A: Hypernatremia

Study Tip: Hypernatremia can cause death.

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45
Q

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance has a mortality rate of >50%?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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46
Q

Serum Na+ less than 135 mEq/L

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Tests: Hyponatremia

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47
Q

Water deficit in the cells and interstitial space.

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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49
Q

High protein feedings without adequate water.

This can cause what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypernatremia

Feeding has high concentration of sodium glucose and potassium if patient is not given water imbalances can occur.

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50
Q

Skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction and electrical conductivity.
What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Potassium

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51
Q

Heart failure causes what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

Increased fluid volume occurs because heart is not able to pump the large amount of fluid effectively. Which causes
Increased kidney excretion of urine.

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52
Q

Excessive sodium intake.

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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53
Q

Administration of Salt tablets to your patient.

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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54
Q

High sodium foods.

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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55
Q

Medications: Kayexalate

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this medication cause?

A

A: Hypernatremia

Study Tip: Kayexalate exchanges Potassium from inside the cell for sodium in the bowels to stimulate diarrhea. This causes a release in Potassium and retention in Sodium.

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56
Q

Excessive IV administration of hypertonic solution

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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57
Q

Respiratory muscles may weaken causing tachypnea and tachycardia
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypokalemia

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59
Q

Restlessness/agitation, anorexia, nausea/vomiting.

These are common early symptoms of what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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60
Q

Weakness, lethargy, confusion, stupor, seizures, coma.

These are common late symptoms of what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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61
Q

Laxative abuse

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

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62
Q

Low grade fever
Flushed skin
Intense thirst
These are symptoms of what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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63
Q

If sodium is gained during hypernatremia what symptoms does this cause?

A

A: Hypervolemia, increased BP, bounding pulse, dyspnea

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64
Q

If water is lost during hypernatremia what symptoms does this cause?

A

A: Hypovolemia, dry mucous membranes, oliguria, orthostatic hypotension

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65
Q

Urine specific gravity more than 1.030

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Tests: Hypernatremia

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66
Q

Serum osmolality more than 300

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Tests: Hypernatremia

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66
Q

Urine specific gravity more than 1.030 is normal. Normal is decreased in patients with Diabetes Insipidus. Why?

A

Because they are excreting large amounts of dilute urine because kidneys aren’t properly concentrating urine.

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67
Q

Varies with cause
With fluid and electrolyte imbalances you must ALWAYS correct underlying disorder before you attempt to correct the symptoms.
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: All Imbalances

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68
Q

Restrict sodium intake

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hypernatremia

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69
Q

Diabetes Insipidus.

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypernatremia

Causes urination of large amounts of un concentrated urine causing the body to retain sodium.

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70
Q

IVs salt free: e.g D5W

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hypernatremia

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72
Q

3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L
What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

The MAIN intracellular fluid cation.
What electrolyte is this?
A: Potassium

A

Normal Serum Potassium

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73
Q

Maintains electrical neutrality and osmolality of cells.

What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Potassium

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74
Q

Diet adjustment increase Ca+ intake

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Acute Hypocalcemia

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75
Q

Asymptomatic: treat underlying cause

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: all imbalances

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76
Q

Function in the transmission of nerve impulses.
Instrumental in the production of energy and in blood clotting.
What controls these mechanisms?

A

A: Electrolytes

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77
Q

Decreased intake of potassium. Ex. Anorexia, fad diets NPO, fad diets, alcoholics, prolonged i.v. administration without potassium.
What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypokalemia

Study Tip: alcoholics have decreased intake

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78
Q

Transcellular Shift of potassium from the intracellular space to the extracellular space. (Ex. RBC transfusion due to new cells not being mobile and alkalosis)
What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypokalemia

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79
Q

Serum Na < 135 mEq/L

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Hyponatremia

Study Tip: Hyponatremia can cause death.

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80
Q 
Renal losses (Ex. decreased use of diuretics,potassium wasting diuretics excrete potassium causing high losses in the urine.)
What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?
A

A: Hypokalemia

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81
Q

Describe Potassium sparing diuretics?

A

A: doesn’t excrete large amounts of potassium thus preventing losses.

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82
Q

Serum sodium decreases when extracellular fluid moves into the cell.
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hyponatremia

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83
Q

Describe potassium wasting diuretics?

A

A: excrete potassium causing high losses in the urine.

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84
Q

Can be life threatening.
Watch closely if patient on digoxin.
Can potentiate action and cause toxicity.
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypokalemia

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85
Q

EKG: flat or inverted T Wave, and the presence of a U wave
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypokalemia

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86
Q

GI: decreased bowel sounds, constipation, ileus

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypokalemia

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87
Q

Skeletal muscle weakness: especially in legs –parasthesias, leg cramps, decreased reflexes
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypokalemia

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87
Q

Slightly elevated blood glucose

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hypokalemia

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88
Q

Elevated pH and bicarbonate levels

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hypokalemia

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90
Q

_________ stimulates the osteoclasts in the bone which stimulate increased calcium reabsorption in the renal tubules.

A

parathyroid hormone

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91
Q

Twitching, hyperreflexia, ataxia, tremors. These are common neuromuscular symptoms of what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypernatremia

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92
Q

Decreased serum Mg

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hypokalemia

A low level of magnesium in the blood can also cause hypokalemia. Magnesium is required for adequate processing of potassium. This may become evident when hypokalemia persists despite potassium supplementation. Direct Relationship.

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93
Q

Administer Oral K+ supplements to your pt.

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Moderate to severe Hyperkalemia

Study Tip: this will not work if patient has malabsorption issues.

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94
Q

Affects concentration, excretion, and absorption of other electrolytes (especially Cl- and K+)
What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Sodium

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95
Q

Increased digoxin levels (if pt is taking this med)

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hypokalemia

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96
Q

Major influence on ECF osmolality & osmolarity, water distribution
What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Sodium

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97
Q

EKG: flat or inverted T Wave, U wave,

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hypokalemia

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98
Q

Restore normal balance
Treatment varies based on severity & cause
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: All Imbalances

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99
Q

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketoic syndrome. (severe water loss)
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypernatremia

A: Hypertonicity in the blood pulls fluid into the intravascular from the cells causing them to shrink and dehydrate.

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100
Q

High K+, Low Na+ diet

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A. Hypokalemia

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101
Q

Oliguric renal failure

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

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102
Q

Supplements: po or IV
Never given IM or SQ
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A. Hypokalemia

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103
Q

Medication: NSAIDs

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

Study Tip: NSAIDS decrease blood flow to kidneys which decreases urine production which increases retention of potassium.

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104
Q

Multiple Blood transfusions

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

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105
Q

Too much K+ intake (oral or IV supplementation)

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

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106
Q

Excessive use of K+ based salt substitutes

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

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107
Q

Transcellular shifts ex. Rhabdomyolysis

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

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108
Q

Insulin deficiency with hyperglycemia

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

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109
Q

Drowsiness and confusion

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

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110
Q

Tissue destruction: rhabdomyolysis, tumor lysis syndrome

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

Study Tip: when blood cells are lysed potassium is spilled into the ECF releasing K+ causing ^ in serum.

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111
Q

Muscle cramps, weakness, flaccid paralysis

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

112
Q

Chronic malabsorption syndrome

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

113
Q

Low serum albumin level

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hypocalcemia

114
Q

EKG: flattened p wave, widened QRS, and tented T wave

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

Study Tip: QRS measures ventricular firing which is required for a heartbeat. If the QRS occurs too rapidly it can turn into ventricular fibrillation which is fatal.

115
Q

Assists in blood coagulation

What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Calcium

116
Q

NG tube placement

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Moderate to severe Hyperkalemia

117
Q

Serum Ca more than10.5 mg/dL

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hypercalcemia

Study Tip: the medication calcitonin is a treatment used to decrease the blood serum calcium level. Calcitonin is also secreted by the thyroid gland.

118
Q

K+ 5.1 – 6.0 mEq/L

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Mild Hyperkalemia

119
Q

Serum Na decrease.

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Extracellular and intravascular fluid moves into cells.

A: Hyponatremia

120
Q

K+ 6.1 – 7.0 mEq/L

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Moderate Hyperkalemia

121
Q

Decreased arterial pH while the patient is in acidosis

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hyperkalemia

Study Tip: Acidosis, which occurs in a number of diseases, is defined as an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the bloodstream. In the body’s attempt to correct the situation, hydrogen is taken up by muscle cells out of the blood in an exchange mechanism involving the transfer of potassium ions into the bloodstream. This can abnormally elevate the plasma’s concentration of potassium ions. When acidosis is the cause of hyperkalemia, treating the patient for acidosis has two benefits: a reversal of both the acidosis and the hyperkalemia.

122
Q

Primarily symptoms are neurological: Headache, irritability, disorientation, lethargy, confusion
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hyponatremia

123
Q

Monitor EKG for tented T wave, flattened p wave, widened QRS
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

124
Q

K+ restricted diet

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

125
Q

_________ Inhibits calcium absorption in intestines

A

A: Phosphorus R/T Calcium Regulation

126
Q

__________ promotes Ca+ absorption by intestines and kidneys, and resorption of Ca+ back into the bone.

A

A: Vitamin D R/T Calcium Regulation

127
Q

Eliminate potassium sparing diuretics

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

128
Q

Eliminate potassium supplements

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

129
Q

Calcitonin is released in _______because it inhibits bone resorption of calcium which helps to excrete the calcium rapidly.

A

A: Hypercalcemia R/T Calcium Regulation

130
Q 
Loop diuretics (for mild) to increase excretion
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?
A

A: Hyperkalemia

131
Q

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (aka Kayexalate)

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Moderate to severe Hyperkalemia

132
Q

Evenly distributed and widely dispersed between ICF and ECF

What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Calcium

133
Q

Retention enema
Causes loose stools
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Moderate to severe Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Causes K+ to be lost through bowels

134
Q

Dialysis used when other methods fail to balance levels

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Moderate to severe Hyperkalemia

135
Q

8.5 mg/dL – 10.5 mg/dL

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Normal Serum CaLcium

136
Q

IV calcium gluconate, glucose and insulin

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Moderate to severe Hyperkalemia in Emergency Situations

137
Q

Helps cells to adhere to each other & maintain shape

What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Calcium

138
Q

Potassium affects what organ the most?

A

Heart

Study Tip: Cardiac Contractility

139
Q

If Sodium falls to 110 mEq/L further deterioration (due to cerebral edema): stupor, delirium, ataxia, seizures, and coma.
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hyponatremia

140
Q

This cation is necessary for muscles to contract.

What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Calcium

Study Tip: affects contraction of muscles can cause weakness and tetany.
Hypocalcemia will induce tetany. Too much sodium inside the cell because not enough calcium to close cell gates.
Hypercalcemia will induce weakness. Too little sodium because of closed gates.

141
Q

Affects permeability and firing level of cells

What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Calcium

142
Q

_______ draws calcium from bones into the bloodstream when serum Calcium level is low and promotes increased kidney and intestinal reabsorption of calcium?

A

A: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) R/T Calcium Regulation

Study Tip: Calcium is also regulated by the parathyroid hormone. They work on a feedback mechanism. PTH pulls calcium out of the bone and promotes calcium retention in the bloodstream.

143
Q

________ is a hormone produced by the thyroid which is a PTH antagonist which means it stops PTH from being released.

A

A: Calcitonin R/T Calcium Regulation

144
Q

Low serum albumin

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia (excessive loss of Ca+)
Rationale: This is THE MOST COMMON cause of Hypocalcemia!

Study Tip: Low serum albumin decreases total calcium because then calcium cannot bind to it which causes the calcium to be excreted in the urine.

It suggests there is a positive relationship.
Calcium in the blood is normally transported partly bound to plasma proteins (about 45%) notably albumin. When protein concentrations, and especially albumin concentrations, fluctuate substantially, total calcium levels may vary, whereas the ionized calcium may remain relatively stable. Thus dehydration or hemoconcentration may elevate serum albumin and a falsely elevated total serum calcium may be reported.

145
Q

Neuromuscular: paresthesia of toes, fingers, face, twitching, muscle cramps, laryngo- and bronchospasm, tetany, positive Trousseau’s and Chvostek’s sign
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

146
Q

When _________ level goes up or retention increases, phosphorus level goes down or is then excreted. (and vice versa)

A

A: Calcium R/T Calcium Regulation

147
Q

When Serum pH goes ________ less Ca+ binds and ionized Ca+ levels go up (Ca+ that is available in the blood) increases.

A

A: down (acidosis) R/T Calcium Regulation

148
Q

Serum Ca less than 8.5 mg/dL

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

149
Q

Cancer

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypercalcemia
Rationale: 2 MOST COMMON CAUSES includes
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

150
Q

Insufficient intake of Ca+

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

151
Q

___________ suppresses the release of Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

A: Hypercalcemia R/T Calcium Regulation

152
Q

Insufficient sunlight could mean low Vitamin D

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

153
Q

Symptoms can vary from patient to patient from mild to moderate to severe.
Depends on rapidity of development.

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hyponatremia

154
Q

Elderly patients are at a high risk due to poor intake and decreased absorption.
What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

Study Tip: loss of mobility increases the release of Ca+ from bones which is then urinated out which results in Hypocalcemia.

155
Q

Reduced activity, immobility, or inactivity

What causes these symptoms?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

156
Q

When Serum pH goes ________ Ca+ binds with protein and ionized Ca+ (Ca+ that is available in the blood) decreases.

A

A: up (alkalosis) R/T Calcium Regulation

157
Q

______________ means muscle tissue breakdown.

A

Rhabdomyolysis

158
Q

CV: V-fib, heart block

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

159
Q

Fluid shifts have HUGE impact on brain cells.

This is a common neurological symptom of what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypernatremia

160
Q 
Inadequate absorption (malabsorption) of Ca+
What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?
A

A: Hypocalcemia

161
Q

Administer Oral K+ supplements

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A. Hypokalemia

162
Q

Renal patient takes TUMS to neutralize acid but they also contain a high concentration of calcium.
If your patient is taking TUMS to decrease their Phosphorus level by forcing it to bind with Ca+ do they take the medication with or without food?

A

Take it with a meal because you want the calcium to bind with the phosphorus. TUMS is made out of HCO3- and decreases stomach acid.

163
Q

Increased GI motility (diarrhea)

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

164
Q

_________ causes decreased absorption of Ca+ and enhanced secretion of Ca + by kidneys when serum calcium levels are high.

A

A: Calcitonin R/T Calcium Regulation

165
Q

Lack of Vitamin D (sunlight)

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

Study Tip: sunscreen prevents patient from getting benefits of vitamin D from sun. Tell the patient did not wait 30 minutes before going out into the sun. When the patient goes into the sun they will get there vitamin D and in 15 minutes the sunscreen will begin to work.

166
Q

What does ROME mean?

A

Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal

167
Q

Anti-convulsants can interfere with Vitamin D metabolism

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

168
Q

Decrease dietary intake of Ca+

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hypercalcemia

169
Q

Combines with other ions to maintain acid-base balance
ESSENTIAL for impulse transmission in nerve and muscle tissue
What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Sodium

170
Q

PTH secretion reduced or eliminated

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia (excessive loss of Ca+)

171
Q

Hypovolemia and ___________ have an equal and inverse relationship.

A

Hypernatremia

172
Q

Thyroid surgery, removal of parathyroid tumor, parathyroid disease
What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia (excessive loss of Ca+)

Study Tip: during thyroid surgery they can accidentally remove some parathyroid gland which can decrease secretion of calcium.

173
Q

Less sodium to move across excitable membranes causes ?

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Delayed membrane depolarization

A: Hyponatremia

174
Q

When calcium is retained by kidneys, ______ is then excreted because they have an inverse relationship.

A

A: Phosphorus R/T Calcium Regulation

175
Q

Medication: Calcitonin

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia (excessive loss of Ca+)
Rationale: reduce calcium resorption from bone

176
Q

Hyperphosphatemia occurs when phosphorus combines with Ca+ to form salts
What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia (excessive loss of Ca+)

Study Tip: calcium binds with the phosphorus which creates salts which are than urinated out.

177
Q

Alkalosis can cause Ca+ to bind to albumin which decreases ionized Ca+
What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia (excessive loss of Ca+)

178
Q

Patients with Burns

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia (excessive loss of Ca+)

Study Tip: calcium gets trapped in the damaged tissue causing hypocalcemia

179
Q

Patients with Infections

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia (excessive loss of Ca+)

180
Q

Abnormal Nerve transmission, muscle and heart function

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypocalcemia
Rationale: MOST COMMON SYMPTOMS

181
Q

Neuro: anxiety, confusion, irritability, seizures

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

182
Q

GI: diarrhea

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

183
Q

Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s Signs

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

184
Q

Diminished response to digoxin

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

185
Q

Decreased cardiac output

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

186
Q

EKG:
Lengthened QT interval (at risk for torsades de pointes)
Prolonged ST segment
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

187
Q

Hypervolemia and ____________ mean the same thing.

A

Hyponatremia

188
Q

Decreased myocardial contractility leading to:
Angina, bradycardia, hypotension, and heart failure
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

189
Q

Dehydration means the same thing as both?

A

Hypernatemia and hypovolemia

190
Q

Excessive Vitamin D ingestion

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypercalcemia

191
Q

Torsades de pointes

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

192
Q

EKG
Prolonged ST segment
Lengthened QT interval
What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hypocalcemia

193
Q

Abdominal cramping, diarrhea

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

193
Q

Total serum Ca less than 8.5 mg/dL

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hypocalcemia

193
Q

IV Calcium Gluconate

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Acute Hypocalcemia
Rationale: MOST COMMON TREATMENT

193
Q

Calcium Chloride

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Acute Hypocalcemia
Rationale: GIVEN FOR CARDIAC ARREST

Study Tip: Calcium chloride has a higher concentration of calcium and is only used during cardiac arrest because of adverse effects and irritation of the blood vessels.

194
Q 
Digoxin toxicity (if patient is on digoxin)
What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?
A

A: Lab Test: Hypercalcemia

195
Q

Magnesium replacement may also be needed for desired response
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Acute Hypocalcemia

196
Q

If deficiency is severe or if the patient can’t take oral supplements : IV replacement
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A. Hypokalemia

197
Q

Increased intestinal absorption of Ca+ and decreased excretion of Ca+ by kidneys
What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: hypercalcemia

Study Tip: parathyroid hormone stimulates the osteoclasts in the bone which stimulate increased calcium reabsorption in the renal tubules. Parathyroid hormone can also decrease the reabsorption of phosphorus excreting it in the urine.

198
Q

Pancreatic insufficiency: leads to intestinal loss

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia (excessive loss of Ca+)
Rationale: Decreased absorption

199
Q

Antacid abuse

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypercalcemia

200
Q

Hypervolemia and ________ have an equal inverse relationship.

A

Hyponatremia

201
Q

Muscle weakness, hyporeflexia, loss of muscle tone

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypercalcemia

Study Tip: this occurs because in hypercalcemia everything slows down and in hypocalcemia everything speeds up.

202
Q

Usually caused by resorption of Ca from bone

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypercalcemia

203
Q

Address underlying cause
Correct imbalance quickly and safely
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: All imbalances

204
Q

The MAIN intracellular fluid cation.

What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Potassium

205
Q

Bradycardia, cardiac arrest

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypercalcemia

Study Tip: this occurs because in hypercalcemia everything slows down and in hypocalcemia everything speeds up.

209
Q

Medication: Potassium sparing diuretics

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

Study Tip:

210
Q

Vitamin D supplements if chronic

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Acute Hypocalcemia

211
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypercalcemia
Rationale: 2 MOST COMMON CAUSES includes
CANCER

212
Q

Calcium Gluconate given with Insulin

What is this treatment used to treat?

A

Hyperkalemia

Study Tip: this treatment works because the glucose goes into the cells and forces K+ to go out of the cells into the blood stream and the insulin in the bloodstream forces the K+ out of the blood stream through excretion in the urinh.

213
Q

Fatigue or weakness

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypercalcemia

214
Q

Acidosis

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypercalcemia
Rationale: Increases calcium ionization

214
Q

Calcium affects what organ the most?

A

Muscle

Study Tip: weakness and tetany

215
Q

Anorexia, Nausea, Vomiting, and constipation

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypercalcemia
Rationale: GI: may be first indications noted by patient

Study Tip: this occurs because in hypercalcemia everything slows down including peristalsis which causes food to back up in the intestines causing anorexia, constipation, nausea, and vomiting.

216
Q

Decreased bowel sounds

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypercalcemia

Study Tip: this occurs because in hypercalcemia everything slows down and in hypocalcemia everything speeds up.

218
Q

Hyponatremia and __________ mean the same thing.

A

Hypervolemia

219
Q

This is considered a Metabolic emergency.

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypercalcemia

219
Q

Pathological fractures

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hypercalcemia

Study Tip: fractures occur easier in Hypercalcemia because the calcium is being pulled out from inside of the bone causing the bone to become weak.

220
Q

Kidneys work overtime- may lead to renal failure

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypercalcemia

Study Tip: this occurs because the kidney has to work really hard to excrete all of the extra calcium to maintain balance.

221
Q

Alcoholics

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia
Rationale: poor intake and low Mg (decrease PTH)

223
Q

Breast fed infants if mom has poor intake

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia

224
Q

Close monitoring of K+ level

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A. Hypokalemia

225
Q

Heart block

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Hypercalcemia

226
Q

Aids in maintenance of acid-base balance
Activates nerve and muscle cells
What electrolyte is this?

A

A: Sodium

Study Tip: Why? Sodium helps control acid/base imbalance by combining with chloride and bicarbonate to maintain acid/base balance.

226
Q

Stop taking meds containing Ca+

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hypercalcemia

226
Q

Hydrate
If symptomatic or in presence of renal failure
What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hypercalcemia

227
Q

Monitor electrolyte levels

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

228
Q

Changes in pH and increased serum calcium levels can cause what complication of renal failure?

A

Kidney stones

229
Q

Cushing’s syndrome (excessive adrenocortical hormone).

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypernatremia

230
Q 
EKG:
Prolonged PR interval
Shortened QT interval
Flattened T waves
What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?
A

A: Lab Test: Hypercalemia

Study Tip: Short QT likes long PR with a flat T op

230
Q

IV corticosteroids

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hypercalcemia
Rationale: Block bone resorption of Ca+ and decrease GI absorption of Ca+ helps to excrete

231
Q

Hypovolemia and Hyponatremia ______ occur at the same.

A

CAN

Study Tip: When this occurs with the use of diuretics this gets rid of sodium.
*Hypovolemia = low vascular volume = low BP

232
Q

Central nervous system cells most vulnerable to what condition?

A

A: Hyponatremia

Study Tip: this is why you give fluids gradually. You do not want to cause trauma to the cells or cause them to burst.

234
Q

Get Ca+ Back to the Bones

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hypercalcemia

235
Q

Medication: Biphosphanates

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hypercalcemia
Rationale: prevent bone loss of Ca+ helps to retain ca+ in the bone

236
Q

Calcium also binds with magnesium?

A

Why?

237
Q

Medication: Mithramycin

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hypercalcemia
Rationale: Anti-neoplastic used when caused by malignancy. Inhibits bone resorption, short lived effects

238
Q 
Hepatic disease
Hyperaldosteronism
Acute alcoholism
Heart failure
Malabsorption 
Nephritis 
Acute leukemias
What causes these symptoms?
A

Study Tip: Hypokalemia

239
Q

Loss or Gain usually coincides with water loss and gain. What electrolyte is this?

A

Sodium

Study Tip: If serum Sodium decreases then the size of the cell increases. Decreased serum sodium means that the blood is hypotonic. This means that there is more fluid in the blood than there is Solutes. Which makes the concentration in the cell and in the interstitial higher than the intravascular. Fluid goes to the are with the higher concentration leaving the vascular and causing the cells to swell.

239
Q

Decreased serum sodium causes ______.

A

Confusion

Study Tip:

Decreased serum sodium means that the blood is hypotonic. This means that there is more fluid in the blood than there is Solutes. Which makes the concentration in the cell and in the interstitial higher than the intravascular. Fluid goes to the are with the higher concentration leaving the vascular and causing the cells to swell. The faster the decrease in sodium the more rapidly the increase in severity of symptoms.

241
Q

Hemodialysis or peritioneal dialysis

What fluid imbalance is this treatment used to treat?

A

A: Treatment: Hypercalcemia

Why?

242
Q

Increased blood sugar means increased __________.

A

Dehydration

Study Tip: Glucose has its own pulling power and pulls fluid from the cells and interstitial which shrinks cells sucking them dry of fluid dehydrating them.

243
Q

Isotonic IV fluid is what percentage salt?

Hypertonic Solution IV fluid is what percentage salt?

A

Isotonic IV fluid is? 0.9% saline
Hypertonic Solution IV fluid is? 3% - 5% saline

.9% salt with the rest saline very low salt content
3-5% salt with the rest saline high salt content

243
Q

When does aldosterone refrain from telling kidneys to hold onto sodium and water?

A

Why? When the patient has Hypovolemia and Hyponatremia.

244
Q

Confusion, altered mental status, depression, personality changes, lethargy to coma
This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypercalcemia

245
Q

Sodium affects what organ the most?

A

Brain - Neurological

246
Q

alKAlosis does what to the pH?

aciDosis does what to the pH?

A

Kicks the pH ^^UP^^^

Slides the pH DOWN

247
Q

In acidosis what is Hydrogen exchanged for inside the cell?

A

Potassium

Study Tip: this occurs because they are both positive ions. K+ goes into ECF which ALWAYS causes hyperkalemia because it goes into the intravascular.

248
Q

Medication: Mithramycin

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hypocalcemia (excessive loss of Ca+)
Rationale: reduce calcium resorption from bone

249
Q

When a patient comes in with diabetic Ketoacidosis what is the priority?

A

Why? Can be liters of fluids down because they did not know about it and need lots of IV fluid replacement. Patient will be dehydrated due to high concentration of Solutes in the blood pulling fluid from the cells causing them to shrink.

250
Q

Hyperaldosteronism affects the kidneys causing what two effects of fluid and electrolyte imbalance.

A

Increased sodium retention due to retaining sodium and water.
Increased potassium excretion through the urine.

251
Q

Weak Heart and Decreased GI motility is caused by what fluid/electrolyte imbalance?

A

Hypokalemia

252
Q

Hypernatremia occur what two ways?

A

When serum Sodium is increased without a change in fluid volume. Increased tonicity.

If fluid volume decreases in relation to sodium concentration. Increased tonicity.

253
Q

K+ more than 7.0 mEq/L

What does this lab mean in relation to fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

A: Lab Test: Severe Hyperkalemia

254
Q

Patient with ________ will say hypokalemia feels very similar due to the effects on the heart.

A

atrial fibrillation

255
Q

This is not palatable.
The generic name is sodium polystyrene sulfonate.
It can be given through the NG tube, enema, and oral route.
What is this treatment used to treat?

A

Hyperkalemia

Study Tip: It does not reabsorb K+ in the bowels so it is lost in diarrhea. Sodium is gained in exchange for K+ lost. Monitor the sodium level of patients using this treatment very closely.

256
Q

_________ is secreted by the thyroid gland to decrease serum calcium level.

_________ is secreted by the parathyroid gland to increase serum calcium level.

A

Calcitonin

Parathyroid Hormone

258
Q

What vitamin helps the body absorb calcium?

A

Vitamin D

259
Q

_______ inhibits (stops) the absorption of Calcium in the intestines.

A

Phosphorus

260
Q

Renal patient takes TUMS to neutralize acid but they also contain a high concentration of calcium.
If your patient is taking TUMS to increase their Ca+ level do they take the medication with or without food?

A

Take it without a meal so the calcium will not bind with the phosphorus in the food.

261
Q

When phosphorus levels increase what happens to calcium levels?

A

Decrease

Study Tip: inverse relationship

262
Q

When your patient is on Digoxin what lab value is the priority?

A

Calcium levels

Study Tip: when a patient has angina the heart muscle is not getting enough oxygen due to decreased contractility which is seen in Hypocalcemia so as a nurse you would give Digixin to increase myocardial contractility.

263
Q

What is a nursing independent intervention to decrease serum calcium level?

A

Hydrate the patient to dilute the blood.

265
Q

Hypercalcemia is caused by Ca+ getting out of the bone into the blood. _________ is caused by the increased Ca+ binding with Phosphorus which decreases HCO3- increasing acidity.

A

Acidosis

Study Tip: why?

266
Q

__________ can also decrease the reabsorption of phosphorus excreting it in the urine.

A

Parathyroid hormone

267
Q

If Sodium falls to 110 mEq/L further deterioration (due to cerebral edema) symptoms of severe hyponatremia include?

A

A: stupor, delirium, ataxia, seizures, and coma.

268
Q

Regulate fluid distribution.
Govern acid-base balance.
What controls these mechanisms?

A

A: Electrolytes

270
Q

Primarily neurological symptoms for hyponatremia include?

A

A: Headache, irritability, disorientation, lethargy, confusion

271
Q

Transcellular shifts ex. Metabolic Acidosis

What fluid and electrolyte imbalance does this cause?

A

A: Hyperkalemia

272
Q

This imbalance causes muscle tetany. There’s not enough ________ to close sodium channels which causes muscular excitability. Channels are left open. If they are left open long enough this can lead to _________.

A

calcium

hypernatremia

273
Q

Potassium and Glucose have a relationship involving insulin.

A

insulin is the first-line defense against hyperkalemia. a rise in plasma k+ stimulates insulin release by the pancreatic beta cell. insulin, in turn, enhances cellular potassium uptake, returning plasma k+ towards normal. the enhanced cellular uptake of k+ that results from increased insulin levels is thought to be largely due to the ability of insulin to stimulate activity of the sodium potassium atpase located in cell plasma membranes. the insulin induced cellular uptake of potassium is not dependent on the uptake of glucose caused by insulin. insulin deficiency allows a mild rise in plasma k+ chronically and makes the subject liabel to severe hyperkalemia if a potassium load is given. conversely, potassium deficiency may cause decreased insulin release. thus plasma potassium and insulin participate in a feedback control mechanism.

274
Q

heart block, ventricular arrhythmias, asystole

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypermalemia

275
Q

ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest

This occurs in what fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

A

A: Hypokalemia

276
Q

_________ is usually accompanied with low blood potassium level, causing, e.g., muscular weakness, muscle pain, and muscle cramps (from disturbed function of the skeletal muscles), and muscle spasms (from disturbed function of smooth muscles).

A

A: Metabolic alkalosis

277
Q

__________ may also cause low blood calcium levels. As the blood pH increases, blood transport proteins, such as albumin, become more ionized into anions. This causes the free calcium present in blood to bind more strongly with albumin. Causing hypocalcemia. If severe, it may cause tetany.

A

A: Metabolic alkalosis

Block 2 Week 1 & 2 F&E ANS Role Dev (10 decks)

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