Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NCM 112: MIDTERMS > FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES > Flashcards

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES Flashcards

1
Q

y constantly adjusting to
internal and external stimuli.

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

EXAMPLES OF HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY

A

Thermoregulation
● Blood glucose regulation
● Baroreflex in blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

property of particles in a solution to
dissociate into ions

A

OSMOLARITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Enhances or intensifies the original stimulus

A

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

reverses an original stimulus
for the body to regain physiologic balance.

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Maintains homeostasis through feedback loops. Using

A

nerves and neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Blood clotting after an injury -
what kind of feedback?

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blood pressure control
-Maintenance of normal body
temperature

kind of feedback?

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

major cations in the body fluid are

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
and hydrogen ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

major anions are

A

chloride,
bicarbonate, sulfate, and proteinate ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

intracellular fluid refers to all fluids including

A

cytosol as well as fluid in the cell
nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

stimulates or
inhibits the desire for a person to drink

A

thirst center in the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

regulates the amount of water the kidney tubules
absorb and is released in response to low blood
volume

A

ADH ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

controls fluid volume, in which when
the blood volume decreases

A

RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAA SYSTEM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

heart also plays a role in correcting overload
imbalances by releasing

A

ANP from the right atrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

series of
interconnected brain structures that act as a central
hub to control fluid levels in the body

A

lamina terminalis (yellow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

fluid-filled compartments in the brain, called

A

ventricles (blue).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ADH known as

A

VASOPRESSIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ability of a membrane to allow molecules to pass
through.

A

PERMEABILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

membranes allow almost any food or waste
substance to pass through.

A

PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANES FREELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

only certain specific
substances to pass through.

A

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

DIFFUSION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

transport of water and dissolved materials
concentration already exists in the cell.

A

FILTRATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS examples

A

Phagocytosis of bacteria by Macrophages.
● Movement of Ca?* ions out of cardiac muscle cells.
● Transportation of amino acids across the intestinal
lining in the human gut.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

urine output of male, female and infant

A

Male void - 300 - 500ml/day
● Female void - 250 ml/day
● Infants void - 5-40 Xa day
● Preschool children are void - every 2 hrs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

are the
body’s major chemical buffers.

A

Sodium bicarbonate and carbonic acid a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

e basic components in the body,
and the kidneys

A

Bicarbonate ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

change in the pH of a solution by one pH unit
means a

A

tenfold change in hydrogen
concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

causes high anion gap metabolic
acidosis and respiratory alkalosis.

A

Aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

CO2 or HCO3 normal

A

Uncompensated:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

: Nothing is normal in abg

A

Partially Compensated:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

pH is normal (7.4 baseline/neutral)

A

Compensated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

values for
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphate

A

S: 135-145 mEq/L
P: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
C: 8.8.-10.4 mg/dL
M: 1.8-2.6 mg/dL
P: 3.4-4.5 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

SIADH means

A

/ SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE SECRETION OF ANTIDIURETIC
HORMONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

DISORDER OF IMPAIRED WATER EXCRETION CAUSED BY THE
INABILITY TO SUPPRESS THE SECRETION OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMON

A

SIADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

treat hyponatremia by
stimulating free water excretion.

A

AVP receptor agonists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

decrease fluid volume in FVE,

A

Diuretics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

If serum potassium levels are
dangerously elevated, it may be necessary

A

IV calcium gluconate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

used to lower the
serum calcium level and is particularly useful for
patients with heart disease

A

Calcitonin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

enhance
conservation of water by increasing the
permeability of collecting ducts to water

A

Avp/ Vasopressin is a vasopressin receptor
agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

predisposing factors of FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT (FVD)

A

Diabetes Insipidus
● Adrenal insufficiency
● Osmotic diuresis
● Hemorrhage
● Coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

movement of fluid from
the vascular system to other body spaces f

A

Third-space fluid shifts o

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of FVD (INFANT AND YOUNG CHILDREN)

A

Crying without tears
● No wet diapers for three hours or more
● Being unusually sleepy or drowsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Decreased ability to concentrate urine due to
ADH deficit or nephron resistance to ADH

A

Diabetes Insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

decreased
PLASMA VOLUME and makes the RBCs
concentrated

A

increase Hematocrit level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Elevated BUN indicates?

A

out of proportion with
creatinine Because Urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Appearance of wakefulness, awareness of the self
and environment

A

ALERT (CONSCIOUS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

mild reduction in alertness

A

LETHARGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

moderate reduction in alertness. Increased response
time to stimuli

A

OBTUNDATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

aroused only by vigorous
and repetitive stimulation.

A

STUPOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

(Unarousable unresponsiveness,
eyes closed)

A

COMA (UNCONSCIOUS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

a measure of pressure in the vena cava, can
be used as an estimation of preload and right atrial
pressure.

A

CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

NORMAL Central venous pressure?

A

2-5 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

3 STAGES OF HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK

A

Stage 1: 15% blood loss
(750 mL or about 25 ounces).
● Stage 2: 15% to 30%
(750 mL to 1,500 mL or up to almost 51 ounces)
● Stage 3: 30% to 40% of your blood
(1,500 to 2,000 mL or up to 68 oz.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

caused by
the abnormal retention of water and sodium

A

HYPERVOLEMIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS (PULMONARY)
of FVE

A

Pulmonary Congestion: crackles, rales
● Change in respiratory pattern

57
Q

buildup of,
nitrogenous products

A

Azotemia

58
Q

Normal urine specific gravity levels are

A

1.010 and 1.020

59
Q

right ventricular third heart sound. It is
usually heard best where

A

right or left lower sternal edge, in the
epigastrium, or rarely over the jugular veins

60
Q

swelling that occurs prior to
a woman’s menstrual cycle

A

Premenstrual edema

61
Q

disorder that causes excess
excretion of protein in the urine

A

Nephrotic syndrome

62
Q

major extracellular fluid cation.

A

Sodium (Na)

63
Q

urine specific gravity of hypernatremia

A

> 1.025

64
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS (TOO MUCH SALT)

A

Skin flushed
● Agitation
● Low grade fever
● Thirst

65
Q

NURSING MANAGEMENT of hypernatremia

A

Monitor level of consciousness, muscular strength,
tone, & movement

66
Q

very brisk, hyperactive, with
clonus

A

4+

67
Q

3+ DTR RESPONSE

A

Brisker than average, slightly
hyperreflexic

68
Q

2+ DTR

A

Average, expected response;
normal

69
Q

Somewhat diminished, low
normal DTR

A

1+

70
Q

No response, absent

A

0

71
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS (LOSS) FOR HYPONATREMIA

A

Limp muscles
● Orthostatic hypotension
● Seizures
● Stomach cramping

72
Q

Hypertonic 0.3% NS - slow IV infusion via central
line.
***Watch out for fluid overload!

Nursing managment for what type of hyponatremia

A

HYPOVOLEMIC HYPONATREMIA

73
Q

Caused by SIADH antidiuretic hormone problems:
fluid restriction or treated with antidiuretic hormone

A

EUVOLEMIC HYPONATREMIA

74
Q

Restrict fluid intake and in some cases administer
diuretics to excretion the extra water

nursing management for what type of hyponatremia

A

. FOR HYPERVOLEMIC HYPONATREMIA

75
Q

antidiuretic hormone
antagonists called

A

Declomycin (don’t give with food
especially dairy or antacids

76
Q

e major cation in the intracellular
fluid (ICF)

A

Potassium K+.

77
Q

= mild hyperkalemia

A

5.1 mEq/L to 6.0 mEq/L

78
Q

moderate hyperkalemia

A

6.1 mEq/L to 7.0 mEq/L =

79
Q

severe hyperkalemia

A

● above 7 mEq/L

80
Q

increased when potassium
is lost from the tissue

A

glycogen
synthesis

81
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS for Hyperkalemia

MURDER

A

Muscle weakness/cramps
● Urine, oliguria, anuria
● Respiratory distress
● Decrease cardiac contractility
● EKG changes
● Reflexes ( hyper or areflexia)

82
Q

Treatment for Hyperkalemia
“C BIG K DROP”

A

Calcium gluconate (stabilizes cardiac membrane)
● Beta-2-agonist(albuterol neb q2-4hrs), Bicarb (shift
K+ to the cell)
● Insulin
● Glucose
● Kayexalate(Na polystyrene sulfonate)- to excrete K+
out
● Drop
- DIURETICS(Furosemide) - to excrete K+

83
Q

SEVERE HYPERKALEMIA IS TREATED IN 3 STEPS

CIH:

A

Calcium infusion
Insulin
Hemodialysis

84
Q

associated with shifting of K+ into cells, K+ loss
from GI and biliary tracts, renal K+ excretion and
reduced K+ intake

A

HYPOKALEMIA

85
Q

causes kidneys to excrete
K

A

CUSHING’S SYNDROME

86
Q

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS (7L’S) of hypokalemia

A

Lethargy
● Low, shallow breathing
● Lethal cardiac arrest
● Loss of urine
● Leg cramps
● Limp muscles
● Low BP & HR

87
Q

TREATMENT (STOP K+ LOSSES!)
for Hypokalemia

A

Discontinue diuretics, laxatives
● Don’t give LASIX
Use rather potassium-sparing diuretics /Aldactone,

88
Q

T (PREVENTION AND CORRECTION OF POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY;)
● with alkalosis

A

use potassium chloride

89
Q

PREVENTION AND CORRECTION OF POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY; acidosis

A

use potassium acetate,

90
Q

Serum calcium is regulated by?

A

PTH and Calcitonin

91
Q

important for neuromuscular activity &
blood coagulation

A

Ionized calcium

92
Q

plasma calcium is bound to serum proteins -
albumin

A

Bound calcium

93
Q

the remaining plasma is combined with
nonprotein ions: phosphate, citrate, & carbonate.

A

Complex calcium

94
Q

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS (BACKME)
hypercalcemia

BACKME

A

Bone Pain
● Arrhythmias
● Cardiac Arrest
● Kidney Stones
● Muscle Weakness
● Excessive Urination

95
Q

S/S of Hypercalcemia too weak

A

Absent reflexes, disorientated, abdominal distention
from constipation
● Kidney Stone formation

96
Q

most common ECG findings
of hypercalcemia are

A

a short QT interval secondary
to a shortened ST segment. There may also be a
widened or flattened T wave

97
Q

hypercalcemia can cause ECG changes that mimic

A

acute myocardial infarction.

98
Q

Hypercalcemia has also been known to cause an
ECG finding mimicking hypothermia

A

known as an
Osborn wave ( J wave). Ventricular fibrillation and
arrest for extreme hypercalcemia.

99
Q

adrenal
glands above the kidneys, produces too little
cortisol and too little aldosterone.

A

Adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)

100
Q

decreased with Thiazide*
diuretics & renal failure, cancer of the bones

A

Calcium excretion

101
Q

causes
phosphate to decrease and calcium to increase

A

Lithium usage (affects the parathyroid

102
Q

COMMON MEDICATIONS AND SUPPLEMENTS THAT CAN CAUSE
HYPERCALCEMIA

A

Hydrochlorothiazide
Lithium.
● Excessive intake of vitamin D

103
Q

treatment for hypercalcemia

A

Forced Diuresis
Loop DIURETICS
Glucocorticoids:

104
Q

Saline administration will cause
renal elimination/ to decrease calculi formation.

A

Forced Diuresis

105
Q

reduces intestinal absorption and
tubular reabsorption of calcium

A

Glucocorticoids:

106
Q

refers to the total
concentration of dissolved substances in drinking
water

A

– TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS TDS

107
Q

calcium deposits in the kidney that
causes poor kidney function

A

Nephrocalcinosis -

108
Q

COMPLICATIONS OF LONG-TERM HYPERCALCEMIA

A

Nephrocalcinosis -
Kidney failure.
● Kidney stones.
● High blood pressure (hypertension).

109
Q

determines a reduction of calcium
due to a decrease in the fraction bound to proteins

A

Hypoalbuminemia

110
Q

reduced response of the target tissues
to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and /

A

reduction in ionized calcium

111
Q

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS of hypocalcemia

TCT

A

Tetany
● Chvostek’s sign
● Trousseau’s sign

112
Q

symptom characterized by the
involuntary contraction of muscles

A

Tetany i

113
Q

Common symptoms of tetany

A

umbness around the mouth, muscle
cramps, a

114
Q

hallmark of acute hypocalcemia is

A

neuromuscular irritability

115
Q

TAPPING ON THE COURSE OF FACIAL NERVE,
BETWEEN ZYGOMATIC ARCH & ANGLE OF
MANDIBLE

A

chvostek sign

116
Q

BP CUFF WHEN INFLATED HIGHER THEN
PERSON’S SYSTOLIC BP FOR ____ minutes

A

2 minutes: Trousseau’s sign

117
Q

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS (“CATS GO NUMB” MNEMONIC) HYPOCALCEMIA

A

Convulsions (seizures)
● Arrhythmias (prolonged QTc)
● Tetany
● Spasms, Stridor (laryngospasm)
● Numbness [perioral, acral (hands, feet)

118
Q

might be a collapsing of the larynx
most likely caused by decalcification. I

A

STRIDOR

119
Q

refers to a burning or prickling
sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms,
legs, or feet, b

A

Paresthesia

120
Q

Hypocalcemia may lead to what ecg finding also refers to complete heart block

A

torsades de pointes

120
Q

Hypocalcemia may lead to what ecg finding also refers to complete heart block

A

torsades de pointes

121
Q

CAUSES (POSSIBLE CAUSES) of hypocalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Vitamin D deficiency:
Kidney failure:

122
Q

CAUSES (CERTAIN MEDICATIONS) Hypocalcemia

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism:
Bisphosphonates,
Hypomagnesemia:
Pancreatitis:

122
Q

CAUSES (CERTAIN MEDICATIONS) Hypocalcemia

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism:
Bisphosphonates,
Hypomagnesemia:
Pancreatitis:

123
Q

an inherited
disorder that causes your body to not respond
properly to the normal amount of parathyroid hormone
(PTH)

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism:

124
Q

abundant intracellular cation.

A

Mg++

125
Q

MAGNESIUM
function

A

CONSTIPATION RELIEF
REDUCES ECLAMPTIC SEIZURES

126
Q

Significant symptoms and signs are seen when serum
Mg is

A

s < 1.2 mg/dl (0.5 mmol/l)

127
Q

Significant symptoms and signs are seen when serum
Mg exceeds

A

4.8 mg/dl (2 mmol/l)

128
Q

relationship of DTR and Magnesium

A

High DTR = Low magnesium

129
Q

phosphorus found in the extracellular fluid
space is in the form of

A

form of inorganic phosphate.

130
Q

HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA
SIGNS & SYMPTOM

A

Anemia, bruising
● SZ, Coma
● Constipation
● Muscle weakness
● Hypoactive bowel sounds
● Mild: asymptomatic

131
Q

DIAGNOSIS (LAB RESULTS) phosphate

A

↓ phosphate
● ↑ calcium
● ↓ vitamin D
● ↑ parathyroid hormone

132
Q

causes of hypophosphatemia

A

Increased kidney excretion
Decreased intake, absorption through GI tract
Transcellular shift
Insulin treatment in diabetic ketoacidosis;

133
Q

COMPLICATIONSHYPOPHOSPHATEMIA

A

Rhabdomyolysis, kidney dama

134
Q

when damaged muscle tissue
releases its proteins and electrolytes into the blood.

A

Rhabdo

135
Q

occurs when the pituitary gland
produces too much growth hormone (GH)

A

Acromegaly

136
Q

TREATMENT hyperphospatemia

A

Calcium carbonate and calcium citrate
Fluid resuscitate
For acute or chronic Hyperphosphatemia: consider
forced diuresis

NCM 112: MIDTERMS (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions