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NCM 112: MIDTERMS > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

term related to a deviation from the
normal functioning anatomy of the generalized cell.

A

Aberration

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2
Q

Group of disorders characterized by
abnormal - cell growth and the ability to metastasize with
potential in killing the host.

A

Cellular Aberrations

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3
Q

efers to the group of diseases in which cells
grow and spread unrestrained throughout the body.

A

CANCER/CA

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4
Q

Process of transformation from normal cell to a
neoplastic cell

A

CARCINOGENESIS

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5
Q

Occurs when cancer cells infiltrate adjacent tissues
surrounding the neoplasm.

A

INVASION

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6
Q

Occurs when malignant cells travel through the blood
or lymph and invade other tissues

A

METASTASIS

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7
Q

s develop specific
structures and function in order to specialize in certain
tasks.

A

DIFFERENTIATION

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8
Q

four epidemic non-communicable
diseases (NCDs) or lifestyle-related diseases (LRDs) which
include

A

-cardiovascular diseases,
- diabetes mellitus,
- chronic respiratory diseases.

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9
Q

Refers to a tumor arises from epithelial
tissue, the name of the cancer identifies the location.

A

CARCINOMA -

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10
Q

tumor arising from supportive
tissue; the name of the cancer identifies the specific tissue

A

SARCOMA -

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11
Q

malignant disorder of the blood-forming
tissues of the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph system

A

LEUKEMIA -

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12
Q

group of malignant neoplasm that affects
the lymphatic system resulting in the proliferation of
lymphocytes

A

LYMPHOMA

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13
Q

characterized by unregulated proliferation of WBCs and their
precursors.

A

LEUKEMIA

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14
Q

Cancer of the plasma cells

A

MYELOMA -

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15
Q
  • Increase in size of normal cells
A

*HYPERTROPHY -

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16
Q
  • Shrinkage of cell size
A

ATROPHY -

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17
Q

increase in number of normal cells

A

*HYPERPLASIA

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18
Q

Conversion from the normal pattern of
differentiation of one type of cells into another type of cell not
normal for that tissue

A

*METAPLASIA -

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19
Q

Alteration in the shape, size, appearance, and
distribution of cells

A

*DYSPLASIA -

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20
Q

Disorganized, irregular cells that have no
structure and have lots of differentiation; the result is almost
malignant.

A

*ANAPLASIA -

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21
Q

Stages of Tumor Progression

HAHMDA

A

Hypetrophy-Atrophy-Hyperplasia-Metaplasia-Dysplasia-Anaplasia

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22
Q

conceptualizes that normal cells may be transformed into
cancer cells due to exposure to some etiologic agents

A

Cellular Transformation and Derangement Theory

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23
Q

advocates that all individuals possess cancer cells. However,
the cancer cells are recognized by the immune response
system.

A

Failure of the Immune Response Theory

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24
Q

2 PATHOGENESIS OF CANCER

A

Cellular Transformation and Derangement Theory
Failure of the Immune Response Theory

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25
Q

development of a malignant tumor in
otherwise healthy tissue is the result of a complex
series of events beginning with a single cell that has
acquired malignant properties through cellular DNA
damage

A

CARCINOGENESIS

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26
Q

Steps: of Carcinogenesis
IPLPI

A
  1. Imitation
  2. Promotions
  3. Latency
  4. Progression
  5. Invasion to neighboring organs
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27
Q

Most common and useful staging system for most types of
cancer by

AJCC and UICC

A

y American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and
the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)

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28
Q

TNM?

A

Tumor
Nodes
Metastasis

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29
Q

no available information on primary tumor

A

Tx

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30
Q

T0

A

No evidence of primary tumor

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31
Q

TIS

A

only carcinoma in situ

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32
Q

T1

A

<2cm

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33
Q

T2

A

2-4 cm

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34
Q

> 4 cm tumor

A

T3

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35
Q

T4

A

> 4cm, involved natrum, based of tongue

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36
Q

(regional Lymph Node)

A

N

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37
Q

Nx

A
  • cannot be assessed clinically
    ● NO - no evidence of regular node met
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38
Q

NO

A

no evidence of regular node metastasis

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39
Q

N1

A

Single ipsilateral <3cm

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40
Q

Single ipsilateral 3-6 cm

A

N2A

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41
Q

Multiple ipsilateral <6cm

A

N2b

42
Q

N3

A

Massive ipsilateral

43
Q

N3a

A

Ipsilateral npdes more than 6cm

44
Q

bilateral nodes

A

N3b

45
Q

Contralateral node

A

N3c

46
Q

Metastasis cannot be measured.

A

Mx

47
Q

Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.

A

Mo

48
Q

M1

A

Cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

49
Q

TYPES OF METASTASIS

A
  1. Lymphatic Spread
  2. Seeding of body cavities & surfaces
  3. Hematogenous spread
50
Q

Stage 0

A

Benign

51
Q

Stage 1

A

spread to nearby tissue

52
Q

-2-5 cm sometimes involve lymph

A

Stage 2

53
Q

more than 5 cm spread (advanced spread to
connective tissue)

A

Stage 3

54
Q

Stage 4

A

Metastasis

55
Q

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS (CARCINOGENS)

A

Viruses
2.Chemical carcinogens
3. Physical agents
4.Hormones
5. Genetics

56
Q

the first discovered
retro-virus causing cancer

A

Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)

57
Q

causally related with
hepato-cellular carcinoma.

A

Hepatitis B and C virus

58
Q

associated with kaposi’s sarcoma.

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

59
Q

which causes stomach ulcers and
has been linked to gastric cancer

A

Helicobacter pylori -

60
Q

toxic compounds that are naturally
produced by certain types of moulds (fungi

A

Mycotoxins

61
Q

risk of colorectal cancer.

A

Processed meat r

62
Q

aspartame does carry a risk for people with the rare
genetic disorder

A

phenylketonuria

63
Q

estrogen as replacement therapy increases incidence
of

A

vaginal and cervical adenocarcinoma

64
Q

WARNING SIGNAL OF CANCER

CAUTION

A

C- change in bladder and bowel habits
A- a sore that does not heal
U- unusual bleeding or discharges
T-thickening or lump in the breast
I - Indigestion and difficulty in swallowing
O - overt changes in wart or mole
N- nagging cough and hoarseness of voice

65
Q

TISSUES SAMPLING

A

. Exfoliative cytology -
Biopsy s

66
Q

used to study cells that the body has
shed during the normal sequence of body tissue growth and
development

A

Exfoliative cytology

67
Q

surgical removal of a piece of tissue for microscopic
examination

A

Biopsy

68
Q

cells are aspirated through placed in the
tissue

A

a.Needle biopsy

69
Q

removing or taking a small sample out of
tissues

A

b.Incisional biopsy

70
Q

involves removal all of the know tumor

A

C.Excisional biopsy - i

71
Q

DIRECT VISUALIZATION for cacner

A
  1. Bronchoscopy/Esophagoscopy
  2. Gastroscopy
  3. Sigmoidoscopy
  4. Colonoscopy
72
Q

INDIRECT VISUALIZATION includes radiological and imaging
test

A

Mammography
2. Barium enema
3. BSE
4. GI SERIES
5. Computed Tomography

73
Q

TUMOR MARKERS

A

Oncofetal antigen
2. Hormones
3. Isoenzymes
4. Tissue

74
Q

THREE SAFETY PRINCIPLES:
in radiation

A

TIme
Distance
Shield

75
Q

Sources of radiation:

A

EXTERNAL (Teletherapy)
● INTERNAL (Brachytherapy – sealed)

76
Q

SIDE EFFECTS OF RADIATION THERAPY

A

. SKIN REACTION
HEMORRHAGE
INFECTION

77
Q

CHEMOTHERAPY
● OTHER TERM:

A

chemo, antineoplastic drugs, anticancer, cytotoxic
drugs

78
Q

employed after the
primary tumor has been removed by some other
method.

A

Therapeutic strategies adjuvant

79
Q

initial treatment for cancer,
especially to suppress secondary tumor formation.

A

Adjuvant-

80
Q

Adjuvant therapy is often used
as follow-up treatment for

A

breast, colon and lung
cancers

81
Q

ombining several different agents
simultaneously in order to enhance their
effectiveness.

A

Combination

82
Q

use as the initial treatment with
advanced cancer that cannot be treated by other
means.

A

Induction

83
Q

initially used in localized cancer in
order to decrease the tumor burden prior to treatment
by other modalities.

A

Neoadjuvant

84
Q

CONTRAINDICATIONS OF CHEMOTHERAPY

A

MPAIRED RENAL AND HEPATIC FUNCTIONS.

85
Q

Patient Education Review treatment goals Review
strategies to manage reactions

A

ADMINISTRATION OF IV CHEMO AGENTS
A. PREPARATORY PHASE

86
Q

ADMINISTRATION OF IV CHEMO AGENTS
B. PERFORMANCE PHASE

A

A. Insertion of IV access
B. Administration Phase

87
Q

Monitor pain and erythema, induration or necrosis
● Monitor for other adverse effects of the drug

A

ADMINISTRATION OF IV CHEMO AGENTS
B. FOLLOW UP PHASE

88
Q

happens when a vesican

A

Extravasation

89
Q

May result in damage to tendons and nerves

A

FOR SEVERE EXTRAVASATIONS
- May result in damage to tend

90
Q

END RESULT of extravasations

A

AMPUTATION

91
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

Antidote
Mesna

92
Q

Fluorouracil antidote?

A

Leucovorin Calcium

93
Q

SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMO AGENTS AND THEIR NURSING
INTERVENTIONS: GI

A

N/V, diarrhea, constipation

94
Q

SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMO AGENTS AND THEIR NURSING
INTERVENTIONS: Integ

A

Pruritus, urticaria Provide good skin care Observe for
anaphylactic reactions

95
Q

protect from infection, avoid people with
infection

A

Neutropenia

96
Q

It interferes with DNA and RNA growth

A

ALKYLATING AGENT

97
Q

: Attack cells at very specific phase of the S
Phase Inhibit cell reproduction by interfering with the
manufacture of protein

A

ANTIMETABOLITES

98
Q

Interfere with DNA by stopping enzymes
and mitosis or altering

A

ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIBIOTICS

99
Q

Attack the cell during various phases of
cell division especially the M Phase Known as Mitotic
inhibitors

A

PLANT ALKALOIDS

100
Q

are drugs that produce analgesia by binding to CNS
opiate receptors. These are the drug of choice for
severe chronic pain

A

TYPES (AGONIST)

101
Q

also produce analgesia by binding to CNS receptors.

A

TYPES (AGONIST-ANTAGONISTS

102
Q

Prescribed to manage mild to moderate pain
● EX: NSAIDs- aspirin, ibuprofen, indomethacin,
naproxen, acetaminophen

A

PAIN MANAGEMENT (NON-OPIOID ANALGESICS)

NCM 112: MIDTERMS (5 decks)

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