Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Health Differences N105 > Fluid And Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

Fluid And Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular fluid

A
  • Is 2/3 of total body fluid.
  • essential for cell metabolism
  • Primary cations in ICF are potassium and magnesium
  • primary anions are phosphate and sulfate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Difference between anion and cation

A

Anion- negative charge

Cation- positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

1/3 total body fluid

Transports nutrients to cells
Transports waste to kidneys or other disposal.

Consists of intravascular fluid (in vessels)
And interstitial fluid (between cells and blood vessels)

In GI and lymph systems.

Primary cation- sodium,
Primary anion- bicarbonate and chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of fluids and electrolytes from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Example is the movement of oxygen from alveoli into pulmonary blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of fluid and electrolytes from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure based on the mechanism of hydrostatic pressure.
Movement of blood from capillaries into interstitial fluid is an example of hydrostatic pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Main element responsible for ensuring acid-base balance.

A

Hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hydrogen ion concentration

A

If hydrogen ion concentration is lower than neutral the pH values will be higher than neutron.
Low hydrogen= then pH is alkaline, higher than 7.
High hydrogen= then pH is acid, lower than 7.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Buffer

A

Anything that either binds (absorbs) or releases hydrogen ions.
Buffers stabilize hydrogen ion concentration by neutralizing strong acids or alkalis(bases).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Normal pH of body fluids

A

7.35- 7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do lungs maintain acid-base balance?

A

Normal respiration eliminates carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide can contribute to acidosis if it accumulates in the blood as carbonic acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do kidneys maintain acid-base balance?

A

Kidneys are primary regulator of overall fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.
Kidneys either excrete hydrogen and/or bicarbonate ions in urine or by reabsorbing these ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Primary hormones that influence urinary output and fluid balance (2)

A

Aldosterone and
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

ADH plays Important role in fluid reabsorption into the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sodium (Na+)

A

Primary cation and extracellular fluid.
Maintains fluid balance.
Sodium aids in muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Aldosterone

A

Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal gland.
Helps to maintain sodium balance and potassium balance
Regulates chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Potassium (K+)

A

Primary cation in intracellular fluid.

Responsible for overall muscle contraction, cardiac muscle contraction in particular and impulse transmission of nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Calcium (Ca2+)

A

Cation
Most plentiful electrolyte in the body. Important for bone into the formation, muscle contraction and relaxation, impulse conduction in the heart, and clotting of blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Magnesium (M2+)

A

Cation in intracellular fluid.
Helps to regulate the heart, promotes neuromuscular and metabolic functioning, component of bones.

kidneys help regulate magnesium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chloride (Cl-)

A

Most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid.
Regulated by kidneys and aldosterone secretion.
Gastric juice in the stomach is composed largely of chloride in the form of hydrochloric acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bicarbonate (HCO2-)

A

Present in both fluid compartments intra-and extra cellular.
Considered a base or alkaline buffer and aids in regulating acid-base balance.
Not ingested in food but is continually produced by the body through various metabolic processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phosphate (HPO4 2-)

A

Most plentiful intracellular anion. A buffer.
Phosphate is important to the formation of bones and teeth; carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism; neuromuscular activity; acid-base balance and calcium regulation
regulated by kidneys and parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Normal sodium value

A

135-146 meq/ l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Potassium lab value range

A

3.5-5.3 meq/l

Over 7 is dangerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Calcium lab value range

A

8.5- 10.5 mg/dL total serum Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Magnesium normal lab value range

A

1.5 -2.5 milliequivalents per liter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Chloride normal lab value range

A

98-108 meq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Bicarbonate normal lab value range

A

22-26 meq/ L

Arterial blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Phosphate normal lab value range

A

0.8- 1.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How to tell if infant is dehydrated

A

Anterior fontanelle is depressed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hypovolemia
(Fluid volume deficit)
What would test results look like for hypovolemia?

A 
Elevated hematocrit
Elevated BUN
High sp. gravity of urine: >1.030
Elevated serum sodium and chloride
Decreased central venous pressure (CVP)
Decreased urine volume <30ml/hr
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypovolemia.

A 
Weakness, low temp, weight loss
Dry mucous membranes, confusion and slurring of speech, tachycardia, hypotension, 
orthostatic hypotension, 
flat neck veins
oliguria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Hypervolemia
(Fluid volume excess)
What do you lab values look like?

A

Decreased hematocrit
Serum sodium: usually unchanged or decreased
Urine: Low specific gravity <1.010
Increased central venous pressure (CVP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypervolemia

A 
Weight gain, 
pitting Edema in legs or sacrum, lethargy, confusion, 
Rales
dyspneic, 
hypertension 
distended neck veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Pitting edema measurement

A 
1+= 2mm indentation
2+= 4mm
3+= 6mm
4+= 8mm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Ascites

A

Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity of abdomen.
Usually seen in severe liver disease and low albumin levels.
Can also be caused by cancers of colon, endometrium, pancreas, ovaries, and liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Extracellular Fluid shift or third space syndrome

A

Excess fluid and body between Intravascular and interstitial spaces.
Can be caused by injuries like sprains, burns or abdominal surgery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Causes of Hyponatremia

A

“NO NA”
Na+ excretion increased with renal problems, NG suction, hypotonic fluids,
Overload of fluids with CHF, hypotonic solution, renal failure (dilutes sodium)
Na+ intake low or NPO
Antidiuretic hormone over secreted -SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone - retains water and dilutes sodium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Symptoms of hyponatremia

A

“SALT LOSS”
Seizures and stupor
Abdominal cramping, Attitude changes(confusion)
Lethargic
Tendon reflexes diminished, Trouble concentrating
Loss of urine, Loss of appetite
Orthostatic hypotension, overactive bowel sounds
Shallow respiration (happens late due to muscle weakness)
Spasms of muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Causes of hypernatremia

A

“HIGH SALT”
Hypercortisolism (Cushing’s), hyperventilation
Increased intake of sodium (oral or IV)
GI tube feeding without adequate water supplement
Hypertonic solutions
Sodium retention, corticosteroids
Aldosterone overproduction (hyperaldosteronism)
Loss of fluids- infection,fever,sweating,diarrhea,diabetes insipidus
Thirst impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Symptoms of hypernatremia

A

“FRIED”

Fever,flushed skin
Restless, really agitated 
Increased fluid retention 
Edema, extremely confused 
Decreased urine output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Causes of Hypokalemia

A

“DITCH” (your body trying to ditch potassium)

Drugs: laxatives, diuretics, corticosteroids
Inadequate consumption of K+ (NPO, anorexia)
Too much water intake - dilutes potassium
Cushing’ syndrome (retains sodium and water but wastes potassium)
Heavy Fluid Loss (NG suction, vomiting, diarrhea, wound drainage, sweating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Symptoms of hypokalemia

A

Seven Ls

Lethargy and confusion
Low shallow respirations
Lethal cardiac dysrythmias
Lots of urine
Leg cramps
Limp muscles
Low BP and pulse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A

The body “CARED” too much about potassium.
Cellular movement of K+ from intra to extracellular (burns,tissue damage,acidosis)
Adrenal insufficiency with Addison’s disease
Renal failure
Excessive potassium intake
Drugs- triamterene, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS, potassium sparing diuretic like spironolactone,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

A

“MURDER”
Muscle weakness
Urine production- little or none- renal failure
Respiratory failure- due to muscle weakness
Decreased cardiac contractility- weak pulse, low BP
Early signs -muscle twitches, cramps. Late signs- profound muscle weakness, flaccid
Rhythm changes

44
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia

A 
“LOW CALCIUM”
Low parathyroid (neck surgery)
Oral intake inadequate (npo,alcoholism)
Wound drainage (esp GI)
Celiac and Crohns- calcium absorbed in GI
Acute pancreatitis 
Low vitamin D
CKD- excessive excretion of calcium
Increased phosphorus(Ca and P do opposite)
Using meds- laxatives, diuretic
Mobility issues
45
Q

Symptoms of hypocalcemia

A 
“CRAMPS”
Confusion, anxiety
Reflexes hyperactive 
Arrhythmias- prolonged QT interval
Muscle spasms, tetany, seizures 
Positive Trousseau’s sign (bp cuff)
Signs of Chvostek’s (facial nerve)

And- abdominal cramps

46
Q

Hypercalcemia- causes

A

Prolonged immobility
Bone malignancy
Hyperparathyroidism

47
Q

Symptoms of hypercalcemia

A

“WEAK”

Weakness of muscles (profound)
EKG changes- shortened QT interval, prolonged PR interval
Absent reflexes, Absent mind(disoriented), Abdominal distention from constipation
Kidney stone formation

48
Q

Causes of Hypomagnesemia

A

Diarrhea
Nasogastric suction
Alcoholism
Long term diuretic use

49
Q

S/sx of hypomagnesemia

A 
Confusion
Hypersensitive reflexes,
Tremors
Convulsions
Positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs
Depressed deep tendon reflexes 
dysrhythmias
Tachycardia
Hypertension
50
Q

Causes of Hypermagnesemia

A

Renal failure

Adrenal insufficiency

51
Q

S/sx hypermagnesemia

A 
Lethargy
Depressed deep tendon reflexes
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Cardiac arrest, if severe
Bradypnea or resp arrest, if severe
weakness or paralysis
Nausea vomiting
52
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Characterized by excessive retention of CO2 related to hypoventilation.
Carbonic acid concentration increases, resulting in increase in hydrogen ions and pH below 7.35.

53
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

characterized by increased exhalation of CO2 due to hyperventilation.
Carbonic acid concentration decreases, resulting in decrease of hydrogen ions and pH above 7.45.

54
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Characterized by
a decrease in bicarbonate levels and increase in carbonic acid
and increase in hydrogen ion concentration
and decrease in pH to below 7.35.

55
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

Characterized by
Increase in serum bicarbonate levels
Resulting in decrease in hydrogen ions
And increase in pH to above 7.45.

56
Q

Causes for respiratory acidosis.
PH below 7.35.
PaCO2 above 45mm Hg
Serum bicarb greater than 28 meq/L

A

“DEPRESS” anything that causes resp depression

Drugs-opiates, Diseases of neuromuscular system that causes weakness in resp muscles
Edema (pulmonary)
Pneumonia
Respiratory center of brain damaged
Emboli
Spasms of bronchial tube (asthma)
Sac elasticity- alveolar sacs are damages- emphysema, COPD

57
Q

S/sx of resp acidosis

A 
Confusion, decreased LOC
Headache
Seizures
Tremors
Warm and flushed skin
Dysrhythmias or tachycardia
Rapid shallow breathing (hypoventilation)
Dyspnea on exertion
58
Q

Causes of resp alkalosis:

PH above 7.45
PaCO2 below 35mm Hg
Bicarb below 28meq/L

A

“TACHYPNEA”
Temp increase
Aspirin toxicity- leads to hyperventilation
Controlled ventilation-mechanical vent. Hyperventilate
Hyperventilation- depletes carbon dioxide
hYsteria- anxiety causes rapid breathing
Pain- rapid breathing, Pregnancy- change in reps tract, Pneumonia
Neurological injury from head trauma- medulla and pons
Embolism or edema in lungs
Asthma when hyperventilating (asthma could also cause respiratory acidosis)

59
Q

S/sx resp alkalosis

A 
Pos Chvostek’s/ Trousseau’s sign
Numbness, 
tingling extremities and circumoral,
Confusion
Seizures
Hyperventilation
Sob, tightness in chest
Orthostatic hypotension 
Muscle twitching/ tremors
Weakness
60
Q

Metabolic acidosis

PH below 7.35
PaCO2 normal
Bicarb less than 22 meq/L

What are causes?

A

Any condition that increases acids and decreases bases:
“ACIDOTIC”
Aspirin toxicity- increases acid in body
Carbohydrates not metabolized (turns into lactic acid)
Insufficiency of kidneys- acids increase and hco3 can’t keep up
Diarrhea, Diabetic ketoacidosis
Ostomy drainage- depletes bicarbonate
fisTula
Intake of high fat
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors- diamox

61
Q

S/sx of metabolic acidosis

A 
Weakness, lethargy
Confusion 
Headache
Dysrhythmias
Very deep and rapid breathing (KUSSMAUL’s)
N/v
62
Q

Causes of Metabolic alkalosis

pH above 7.45
PaCO2 normal
Bicarb above 26

What are causes?

A

Any condition the decreases acids and increases bases:

Severe vomiting

Nasogastric suction

Excessive use of diuretics and antacids that cause potassium loss. Low potassium causes reabsorption of HCO3

63
Q

S/sx of metabolic alkalosis

A 
Irritable, disoriented
Numbness
tingling extremities
Tetany/ muscle twitching
Dysrhythmias
Decreased, shallow resps
N/V/D
64
Q

Chvostek’s sign

A

Face is tapped over facial nerve anterior to ear, facial muscles will contract or twitch. This is a positive sign.
Positive if abnormally low levels of serum calcium or magnesium

65
Q

Trousseau’s sign

A

Inflate BP cuff on upper arm approx 20mm Hg above their normal systolic pressure. Within 1 to 5 minutes, a carpal spasm may occur. This is a positive sign.
Occurs with low calcium and magnesium.

66
Q

Central venous pressure (CVP)

A

Pressure in right atrium of heart or in large veins. Measured with a manometer.

67
Q

Loop diuretics

A

Can cause up to 25% of sodium in urine to be excreted.
Act on Loop of Henle.
Major side effect effect- potassium loss.
Patient at risk for metabolic alkalosis.

Furosemide and bumetanide

68
Q

Thiazide diuretics

A

Decrease reabsorption of sodium and chloride in distal tubules of kidneys.

Chlorthalazide

69
Q

Potassium sparing diuretics

A

Increase excretion of sodium, but not potassium.
Not as much fluid is lost with these diuretics.

Spironolactone

70
Q

4 basic types of IV solutions

A

Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Electrolyte solutions

Also volume expanders

71
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Most common IV solution.
Help maintain osmotic pressure in extracellular fluid.
Given to patients for hypovolemia, to restore blood volume.

5% dextrose
Normal saline (0.9% NaCl)
Lactated Ringer’s (contains electrolytes)

72
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

Less concentrated than isotonic.
Main action is to provide fluid- water.
Used for basic dehydration.

Half strength normal saline (0.45% NaCl)
One third strength normal saline (0.33% NaCl)

73
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

Used for fluid volume deficits.
Fluid is drawn out of interstitial compartments and into vascular system with these solutions.

5% dextrose in normal saline (D5NS)
Or D5 1/2NS
5% dextrose in Lactated Ringer’s (D5LR)

Percentages of saline can vary.

74
Q

Electrolyte solutions

A

Can be isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic.
Contain sodium chloride and Lactated Ringer’s, which contain calcium, chloride, potassium, sodium and lactate.
The body turns lactate into bicarbonate.

75
Q

Volume expanders

A

Fluids are used in extreme trauma like burns where large amts of fluid are lost.

Examples are plasma, albumin, dextran.

Whole blood infusions may be given if H+H are low.

76
Q

Infiltration of IV

A

Needle dislodged
Puffiness, pain, feeling of achiness at site.
Skin may be cool to touch.

Treatment: stop infusion, remove needle, apply cold compress initially.
Apply warm compress after 30 min to increase reabsorption from interstitial tissues.

77
Q

Extravasation of IV

A

More serious type of infiltration.
Caused bu accidental administration of a vesicant (an IV fluid that can irritate vein walls, trigger vasoconstriction, cause vein to rupture) into extravascular space or tissue.
Pain, infection and severe tissue necrosis may result.
Stop infusion and call MD.

78
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein
Common reaction
Long term IV therapy or piggybacked solutions that are chemically irritating (like potassium)
Edema, warm skin, redness, streaking along vein
D/C IV and warm compress to promote absorption and aid in circulation.

79
Q

Air embolism symptoms and treatment

A

Cyanosis, hypotension, tachycardia

Clamp IV tube, turn patient to left side.
Trendelenburg position allows air embolism to gravitate toward feet, right atrium or right ventricle where it becomes trapped rather than becoming pulm emboli.

80
Q

Trendelenburg position

A

Head of bed low and foot of bed high

81
Q

Transfusion or hemolytic reaction
Caused by donor and recipient blood not compatible.
What are the symptoms?

A 
Backache 
chest pain 
fever 
shaking chills 
cyanosis 
dyspnea 
headache 
hypertension
tachycardia
82
Q

Nursing actions to treat transfusion or hemolytic reaction

A 
Stop transfusion 
notify physician 
hang normal sailing solution 
return all tubing blood bags and transfusion records to blood bank.
complete incident report
83
Q

Blood transfusion allergy caused by antigen-antibody reaction. What are the symptoms?

A 
Bronchial wheeze
urticaria 
dyspnea 
chest pain 
cardiac arrest
84
Q

Nursing actions for blood transfusion allergy:

A

Mild: Slow transfusion, notify physician, give antihistamines as ordered

Severe: stop transfusion, notify physician, perform CPR if needed
hang normal saline,
return all tubing blood bags and transfusion records to blood bank.
complete incident report

85
Q

Hypervolemia related to to rapid infusion of blood.
What are the symptoms?
And what are nursing actions?

A

Sx:
Cough
distended neck veins
dyspnea, hypertension, rales, tachycardia

Nursing actions:
Stop or slow transfusion
notify physician
administer oxygen and other medication as ordered -possibly diuretics

86
Q

Difference between Macrodrip and Microdrip IV

A

Macrodrip tubing delivers 10 to 20 gtts/mL and is used to infuse large volumes or to infuse fluids quickly.

Microdrip tubing delivers 60 gtts/mL and is used for small or very precise amounts of fluid, as with neonates or pediatric patients.

87
Q

How to calculate drip rate?

A 
The formula for calculating the IV flow rate (drip rate) is… 
total volume (in mL) divided by time (in min), multiplied by the drop factor (in gtts/mL), which equals the IV flow rate in gtts/min.
88
Q

Normal ranges of:
pH:

Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2):

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2):

Bicarbonate (HCO3):

A

pH: 7.35-7.45

Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2): 75 to 100 mmHg

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2): 35-45 mmHg

Bicarbonate (HCO3): 22-26 mEq/L

89
Q

What is the expected Compensating mechanism in the presence of respiratory acidosis?

A

Retention of bicarbonate HCO3 by the kidneys.

90
Q

What type of imbalance would a salicylate overdose cause?

A

Respiratory alkalosis because of hyperventilation.

91
Q

Reaction to blood transfusion: after stopping infusion and notifying md, what is the next step?

A

Urine sample to test for presence of hemoglobin as a result of RBC hemolysis.
Diuretics may be ordered.

92
Q

A purpose of isotonic solution. And name 2 examples of isotonic solutions.

A

Expand the body’s fluid volume without causing a fluid shift from on compartment to another.
Normal saline(0.9% sodium chloride)
And Lactated Ringer’s.

93
Q

How often should IV tubing be changed?

A

No more often than every 72 hours or whenever tubing is compromised.
Keep a closed sterile system closed.

94
Q

Normal hco3 bicarbonate levels

A

22-26

95
Q

Normal paCO2 levels

A

35-45

96
Q

If calcium is low, what other mineral will be elevated?

A

Phosphorus

Phosphorus and calcium do the opposite of each other

97
Q

Types of hyponatremia

3

A

Euvolemic Hyponatremia is where the water in the body increases but the sodium stays the same. The causes include: SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion) which is due to the increased amount of secretion of antidiuretic hormone. This hormone retains water in the body which dilutes sodium. Other causes: diabetes insipidus, adrenal insufficiency, Addison’s disease etc.

Hypovolemic Hyponatremia is where the patient has lost a lot of fluid and sodium. Causes: vomiting, diarrhea, NG suction, diuretic therapy, burns, sweating

Hypervolemic Hyponatremia is where the body has increased in fluid and sodium. However, sodium decreases due to dilution and because total body water and sodium are regulated independently in the body. Causes: congestive heart failure, kidney failure, IV infusion of saline, liver failure etc.

98
Q

S/ Sx diabetic ketoacidosis

A 
Dry and sticky mucous membranes, 
flushed and dry skin thirst 
elevated body temperature (even over 102)
irritability 
convulsions 
Coma
99
Q

Normal urine output for adult

A

0.5ml/kg/hour
So a 150 pound person would have approx 35ml per hour.
Daily=840

100
Q

What type of acid base imbalance would be expected from starvation?

A

Metabolic acidosis.

The body begins to metabolize its own proteins into ketones which are metabolic acids

101
Q

Equation for drip rate

A

Total infusion volume X drops per minute

Divided by total infusion time in minutes

102
Q

Which cation is the chief regulator of cellular enzyme activity and cellular water content?

A

Potassium

103
Q

Which cation assists in the regulation of acid base balance by cellular exchange with hydrogen?

A

Potassium

104
Q

Which cation is important for the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins?

A

Magnesium

105
Q

Which cation is necessary for protein and DNA synthesis transcription and translation of RNA?

A

Magnesium

106
Q

Which anion acts with sodium to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood?

A

Chloride

107
Q

Which anion is important for cell division and for the transmission of hereditary traits?

A

Phosphate

Health Differences N105 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions