Fluid And Electrolyte

Question 1

Total body water
Intracelular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Ecf/plasma

Answer 1

Total body water-42L
Intercellular fluid-28L
Interstitial fluid- 10.5L
ECF/plasma- 3.5L

Question 2

How is blood volume maintained?

Answer 2

Renin- Angiotensin system
ANP (Atrial Naturetic Peptide)
ADH (Anto diuretic hormone)

Question 3

What is osmolarity?

Answer 3

A measure of the solute in the solvent

Question 4

Normal range for osmolarity

Answer 4

275-295 osmol/kg

Question 5

Indication for osmolarity

Answer 5

Dehydration
Hyperosmolanonketotic state (HONK)
Diabetes ketoacidosis

Question 6

Ways to measure osmolarity

Answer 6

Osmometer
Calculation

Question 7

Body Electrolytes

Answer 7

Sodium
Potassium
Bicarbonate
Chloride

Question 8

Indications for electrolyte measurement

Answer 8

• cardiac contractility e.g in congestive heart failure, in myocardial infarction
• osmolarity
• coagulation of the blood
• Acid base balance
• Neomuscular disturbance

Question 9

What are emergency tests?

Answer 9

Tests that must be done within 24 hrs

Question 10

Examples of emergency tests

Answer 10

Fluid & electrolytes
Urea
Glucose
Csf analysis
Bilirubin analysis
Cardiac markers

Question 11

Sodium Na+

Answer 11

The major cation In the ecf

Question 12

Range of sodium in blood

Answer 12

135-145mmol/L

Question 13

Above 145 mmol In sodium is called

Answer 13

Hypernatremia

Question 14

Below 135mmol/L in sodium is called

Answer 14

Hyponatremia

Question 15

Causes of hyper natremia

Answer 15

• kidney failure
• excess water loss in conditions like diabetes
• renal tubular acidosis
• prolonged dehydration
• severe burns
• decreased water intake
• Hyper aldosteronism
• substance that have excess bicarbonate
• dialysate (a chemical used In dialysis)

Question 16

Causes of hyponatremia

Answer 16

• increased sodium loss in hypo aldosterone
• potassium deficiency
• excessive diuretics
• salt/sodium loosing neptropathy
• prolonged vomiting and diarrhea
• increased water retention in conditions like renal failure, congestive cardiac failure

Question 17

Potassium K+

Answer 17

Most dominant cation in ICF

Question 18

Range of potassium

Answer 18

3.4-5mmol/L

Question 19

Below 3.4 in potassium is called

Answer 19

Hypokalemia

Question 20

Mild hypokalemia

Answer 20

3-3.4

Question 21

Moderate hypokalemia

Answer 21

2.5-4

Question 22

Less than 2.5

Answer 22

Severe hypokalemia

Question 23

Causes of hypokalemia

Answer 23

• excessive GIT loss due to excessive vomiting, intestinal malabsorption
• renal loss/kidney problems e.g diuretics, nephrotic syndrome, renal tubular acidosis
• Cushing syndrome

Question 24

Hyperkalemia

Answer 24

Addison disease
Diuretics
Acidosis
Chemotherapy
Muscular injury
Leukemia
Due to increased intake of: IV replacement, artefactual, prolonged tourniquet application

Question 25

Chloride cl-

Answer 25

Major ecf anion

Question 26

Range of Chloride

Answer 26

98-107mmol/L

Question 27

Above 107mmol/L in chloride

Answer 27

Hyperchloremia

Question 28

Below 98mmol/L in chloride

Answer 28

Hypochloremia

Question 29

Causes of hyper chloremia

Answer 29

Excessive bicarbonate loss
Renal tubular acidosis
GIT loss
Metabolic acidosis

Question 30

Causes of hypochloremia

Answer 30

Diabetic keto acidosis
Aldosterone deficiency
Pyelonephitis (infection of the kidneys)

Question 31

Bicarbonate (HCO-3)

Answer 31

A buffer system to remove CO2 from the body
Second most abundant anion in the ecf. Relevant in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

Question 32

Range of bicarbonate

Answer 32

22-29 mmol/L