Fluid accumulation Flashcards
What is effusion?
Increased amount of fluid in the abdominal cavity or thoracic cavity
Accumulation of fluid is not a _____ but a _____ _____
Disease - Pathological process
What different fluid types are there to differentiate between? How are they differentiated?
Transudate - Modified transudate - Exudate - Differentiate by Total Nucleated Cell Count (TNCC) and total protein
What would you collect fluid in and why?
An EDTA tube (anticoagulant) to stop the fluid and proteins clotting
Small animals generally have a ___ _____ of pleural fluid which is a ____, _____ colour filled with _______
Low volume - Clear, straw - Macrophages
What are the 4 factors that control fluid movement in and out of pleural cavities?
Hydrostatic pressure - Colloid osmotic pressure (albumin) - Permeability of capillary wall - Lymphatic drainage
Transudate has ____ protein and ____ cellularity, ____ in colour, filled with ______ and a small number of __-_____ ______
Low - Low - Clear - Macrophages - Non-degenerate neutrophils
What are the reasons that might be behind transudate in the abdominal cavity?
Hypoalbuminemia, alterations to hydrostatic pressure, Renin-Angiotensin System active
Give a pathogenic process that leads to transudate in abdomen
Hepatic fibrosis -> portal hypertension -> formation of secondary collateral circulation -> vasodilation production (NO) -> splanchnic vasodilation and decreased effective blood flow -> leakage of low protein lymph from intestines
Modified transudate in _____ and _____ in colour, filled with _____, __-_____ ______ and _____ ______
Yellow and cloudy - Macrophages, non-degenerative neutrophils, small lymphocytes
What are the reasons for leakage of Modified Transudate?
lCardiac disease (causes conjestion and leakage of rich lymph from liver) - Chylous effusion - Lymphatic obstruction (neoplasia)
Exudate is ___ in TNCC and protein, ____/____/____ in colour with a ____ texture, filled with _______, ______ and maybe ______, ______
High - Red/yellow/white - Turbid (opaque) - Neutrophils, macrophages - Lymphocytes, eosinophils
What are the causes of exudate leakage?
Inflammation of pleural & abdominal cavities - Long standing modified transudate - Neoplasia
In haemorrhage, how can you tell when it is
a) Iatrogenic b) Acute c) Chronic
Cytology - a) Erythrocytes and platelet clumping b) Erythrophagia c) Siderophages, haematoidin (iron pigment)
Chylous effusion is ____ and ____ in colour. Acute is filled with ____ ______, ______, _____ _____. Longer standing contains more ______
Opaque and milky - Small lymphocytes, macrophages, mature neutrophils - Neutrophils
