Dentistry Flashcards
What is the normal occlusion for a dog’s bite?
1) Scissor bite - maxillary incisors slightly in front of mandibular incisors
2) Mandibular canine should occlude between maxillary canine and third incisor
3) Premolar interdigitation - zig-zag pattern
4) Posterior scissor bite - Premolar 4 buccal to mandibular molar 1
Describe a malocclusion of canines
Lingually displaced mandibular canine can cause painful palatal defects
What is the difference between ‘mixed dentition’ and ‘persistent deciduous teeth’?
Mixed dentition when teeth erupting in kittens and puppies - Persistent deciduous teeth when deciduous teeth persist
When looking at the oral cavity, what can explain a missing tooth?
Hypodontia - congenital absence
Impacted or embedded tooth - lack of eruption
Traumatic crown fracture below gingival margin
What are the four types of trauma-induced dental problems?
Abrasion - tooth surface against abrasive objects
Attrition - tooth worn against another tooth
Fractures
Intrinsic staining - discoloured from within caused by blunt trauma
What happens inside a fractured tooth with pulp exposure?
Pulp exposure - microbial exposure - pulpitis - pulp necrosis
Bacteria attempt to invade jaw bone where ___ ____ meets the ___-___. Interaction with immune system causes _______ changes
apical delta - peri-apex - pathological
Define a Class 1 malocclusion (neutroclusion)
normal rostro-caudal relationship between maxilla and mandible but individual tooth mal-aligned
Define a Class 2 malocclusion (mandibular distoclusion)
Mandible more caudally positioned in relation to maxilla
Define a Class 3 malocclusion (mandibular meisoclusion)
Mandible more rostrally positioned in relation to the maxilla
What are the primary and secondary factors involved in Peridontal disease?
Primary - presence on plaque-bacteria and toxic by-products
Secondary - lack of hygiene, calculus deposit, lack of EFAs and anti-oxidants, genetics, stress, systemic illness
What is plaque?
A biofilm allowing bacteria to grow and disperse
What is a calculus?
Mineralized plaque - offers a porous surface for easier plaque adhesion
What is stage 1 peridontal disease?
Gingivitis that is plaque induced (mainly gram +ve bacteria)
What is the disease progress from grade 2 to 4?
Less O2 available so gram-positive to gram-negative (obligate anaerobes)
What is the irreversible processes of peridontal disease? What causes it?
Tissue destruction - caused by gram-negative and by immune response
What is an Oronasal Fistula?
Where peridontal disease has caused a hole between the oral bone plate and nasal passage
What is stomatitis?
Inflammation of oral mucosa extending beyond mucogingival junction
When performing a tooth extraction, what sort of analgesia should be used pre-op?
Opioid and NSAIDs - Nerveblocks
What’s the first step of tooth extraction?
Cutting gingival attachment - walking a scalpel blade around the tooth
What’s the second step of tooth extraction?
Inserting luxator into peridontal ligament space - walk it around the tooth
What’s the third step of tooth extraction?
Use the elevator and rotate it round
What is the fourth step of tooth extraction?
Use the extractor forceps to slowly rotate the tooth around it’s long axis, turning the other way once full rotation found
How do you change the procedure when removing a tooth with multiple roots?
You have to drill and transect the tooth at the furcation
What are the possible complications of tooth extraction?
Root fragmentation - Jaw bone necrosis - Iatrogenic jaw fracture - Oro-nasal fistula
What should you take care not to cut into when making the caudal oblique release incision for canine tooth extraction?
Neurovascular bundle leaving from the infraorbital foramen
What should you take care not to cut into when making the vertical release incision for the mandibular premolar extraction?
Neurovascular bundle leaving from the mental foramen
What is the pathogenesis of tooth resorption in cats?
Teeth are attacked by odontoclasts - They adhere to the surface of the tooth and form resorptive lacunae (acid) - Vascular granulation tissue enters the lesion
What is the prevalence of tooth resorption in cats?
About 1/3 of adults cats have one or more - Increases with age
Why does tooth resorption occur more in older cats?
The peridontal ligament degenerates and narrows with age meaning more likely deposition of odontoclasts and resorption
What is the treatment for tooth resorption?
Extraction - Restoration (attempted but not effective) - Medical therapy to prevent further resorption
When would extraction be an option for a dog with tooth resorption?
If supra-gingival lesion or communication of lesion with oral cavity
