Dentistry

Question 1

What is the normal occlusion for a dog’s bite?

Answer 1

1) Scissor bite - maxillary incisors slightly in front of mandibular incisors
2) Mandibular canine should occlude between maxillary canine and third incisor
3) Premolar interdigitation - zig-zag pattern
4) Posterior scissor bite - Premolar 4 buccal to mandibular molar 1

Question 2

Describe a malocclusion of canines

Answer 2

Lingually displaced mandibular canine can cause painful palatal defects

Question 3

What is the difference between ‘mixed dentition’ and ‘persistent deciduous teeth’?

Answer 3

Mixed dentition when teeth erupting in kittens and puppies - Persistent deciduous teeth when deciduous teeth persist

Question 4

When looking at the oral cavity, what can explain a missing tooth?

Answer 4

Hypodontia - congenital absence
Impacted or embedded tooth - lack of eruption
Traumatic crown fracture below gingival margin

Question 5

What are the four types of trauma-induced dental problems?

Answer 5

Abrasion - tooth surface against abrasive objects
Attrition - tooth worn against another tooth
Fractures
Intrinsic staining - discoloured from within caused by blunt trauma

Question 6

What happens inside a fractured tooth with pulp exposure?

Answer 6

Pulp exposure - microbial exposure - pulpitis - pulp necrosis

Question 7

Bacteria attempt to invade jaw bone where ___ ____ meets the ___-___. Interaction with immune system causes _______ changes

Answer 7

apical delta - peri-apex - pathological

Question 8

Define a Class 1 malocclusion (neutroclusion)

Answer 8

normal rostro-caudal relationship between maxilla and mandible but individual tooth mal-aligned

Question 9

Define a Class 2 malocclusion (mandibular distoclusion)

Answer 9

Mandible more caudally positioned in relation to maxilla

Question 10

Define a Class 3 malocclusion (mandibular meisoclusion)

Answer 10

Mandible more rostrally positioned in relation to the maxilla

Question 11

What are the primary and secondary factors involved in Peridontal disease?

Answer 11

Primary - presence on plaque-bacteria and toxic by-products

Secondary - lack of hygiene, calculus deposit, lack of EFAs and anti-oxidants, genetics, stress, systemic illness

Question 12

What is plaque?

Answer 12

A biofilm allowing bacteria to grow and disperse

Question 13

What is a calculus?

Answer 13

Mineralized plaque - offers a porous surface for easier plaque adhesion

Question 14

What is stage 1 peridontal disease?

Answer 14

Gingivitis that is plaque induced (mainly gram +ve bacteria)

Question 15

What is the disease progress from grade 2 to 4?

Answer 15

Less O2 available so gram-positive to gram-negative (obligate anaerobes)

Question 16

What is the irreversible processes of peridontal disease? What causes it?

Answer 16

Tissue destruction - caused by gram-negative and by immune response

Question 17

What is an Oronasal Fistula?

Answer 17

Where peridontal disease has caused a hole between the oral bone plate and nasal passage

Question 18

What is stomatitis?

Answer 18

Inflammation of oral mucosa extending beyond mucogingival junction

Question 19

When performing a tooth extraction, what sort of analgesia should be used pre-op?

Answer 19

Opioid and NSAIDs - Nerveblocks

Question 20

What’s the first step of tooth extraction?

Answer 20

Cutting gingival attachment - walking a scalpel blade around the tooth

Question 21

What’s the second step of tooth extraction?

Answer 21

Inserting luxator into peridontal ligament space - walk it around the tooth

Question 22

What’s the third step of tooth extraction?

Answer 22

Use the elevator and rotate it round

Question 23

What is the fourth step of tooth extraction?

Answer 23

Use the extractor forceps to slowly rotate the tooth around it’s long axis, turning the other way once full rotation found

Question 24

How do you change the procedure when removing a tooth with multiple roots?

Answer 24

You have to drill and transect the tooth at the furcation

Question 25

What are the possible complications of tooth extraction?

Answer 25

Root fragmentation - Jaw bone necrosis - Iatrogenic jaw fracture - Oro-nasal fistula

Question 26

What should you take care not to cut into when making the caudal oblique release incision for canine tooth extraction?

Answer 26

Neurovascular bundle leaving from the infraorbital foramen

Question 27

What should you take care not to cut into when making the vertical release incision for the mandibular premolar extraction?

Answer 27

Neurovascular bundle leaving from the mental foramen

Question 28

What is the pathogenesis of tooth resorption in cats?

Answer 28

Teeth are attacked by odontoclasts - They adhere to the surface of the tooth and form resorptive lacunae (acid) - Vascular granulation tissue enters the lesion

Question 29

What is the prevalence of tooth resorption in cats?

Answer 29

About 1/3 of adults cats have one or more - Increases with age

Question 30

Why does tooth resorption occur more in older cats?

Answer 30

The peridontal ligament degenerates and narrows with age meaning more likely deposition of odontoclasts and resorption

Question 31

What is the treatment for tooth resorption?

Answer 31

Extraction - Restoration (attempted but not effective) - Medical therapy to prevent further resorption

Question 32

When would extraction be an option for a dog with tooth resorption?

Answer 32

If supra-gingival lesion or communication of lesion with oral cavity