Fluency

Question 1

In selecting the fluency-shaping technique, clinicians should consider that it :

a. often leads to relapse of stuttering
b. is known to promote long-term maintenance of fluency
c. does not induce unnatural prosodic features
d. requires only a single target skill to be taught
e. is the most effective treatment available for preschoolers.

Answer 1

A. OFTEN LEADS TO THE RELAPSE OF STUTTERING

Question 2

Which model contends that a child who is unable to cope with the expectations of fluent speech production may begin to stutter?

Answer 2

DEMANDS AND CAPACITIES MODEL

Question 3

T or F: The use of an experimental and a control group is characteristic of a single-subject experimental design.

Answer 3

FALSE!!!

Question 4

Single-subject design facts:

Answer 4

Repeated measures of behaviors before a treatment is administered

Intensive study of a few individuals

ABSENCE of a control group

ABSENCE of statistical analysis in most cases.

Question 5

Bloodstein suggested that stuttering is ….

Answer 5

a response to tension and speech fragmentation!

Question 6

Wendell Johnson claimed that stuttering is a ________

Answer 6

CULTURALLY DETERMINED DISORDER.

• stated that societies and cultures that place a heavy emphasis on verbal skills have higher prevalence of stuttering!!
• studied native americans

Question 7

Preschool children’s tend to occur on ________ words and they tend to exhibit many __________repetitions.

Answer 7

FUNCTION!!!

Whole word!!!

Question 8

What is the consistency effect?

Answer 8

The occurrence of stuttering on the SAME WORD OR LOCI when a passage is READ ALOUD REPEATEDLY!

Question 9

What is the adaptation effect?

Answer 9

Systematic reduction in frequency of stuttering when a SHORT PRINTED PASSAGE IS REPEATEDLY READ ALOUD!

Question 10

What is the adjacency effect?

Answer 10

Occurrence of NEW STUTTERING on words that surround previously stuttered words.

Question 11

What is the audience effect?

Answer 11

Frequency of stuttering INCREASES WITH AN INCREASE OF AUDIENCE SIZE!

Question 12

Stuttering as an operant behavior suggests….

Answer 12

Stuttering is learned by its consequences!!!

Question 13

Stuttering due to a classically conditioned NEGATIVE EMOTION was suggested by….

Answer 13

BRUTTEN & SHOEMAKER

Question 14

Stuttering as a AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR was suggested by….it includes _____theory.

Answer 14

WENDELL JOHNSON
Diagnosogenic theory which states when parents punish child’s disfluencies they create an avoidace, apprehensive, anticipatory behavior which induces stuttering!

Question 15

The position that stuttering indicates a SOCIAL ROLE CONFLICT was taken by….

Answer 15

SHEENAN

Question 16

Sheenan suggests that stuttering indicates …..

Answer 16

conflict b/w a desire to approach speaking situations and an equally strong desire to avoid them!

Question 17

Stuttering as a REACTION OF TENSION AND FRAGMENTATION was suggested by….(anticipatory struggle hypothesis)

Answer 17

BLOODSTEIN

Question 18

What is the response cost and token method?

Answer 18

Clinician gives client a token for each fluent production and takes away a token for each disfluency.
Used with preschoolers!

Question 19

What is the time out (pause-and talk) method?

Answer 19

Saying stop to the client when they stutter
Avoid eye contact for about 5 seconds
Re-establish eye contact after time out duration
Have the client continue with his her speech

Question 20

T or F : Both time out and response cost can help establish more natural sounding fluency.

Answer 20

TRUE!

Question 21

Between time out and response cost which one is better researched?

Answer 21

TIME OUT!

Question 22

“No one will talk to me because I stutter” is an example of what defense mechanism?

a. displacement
b. projection
c. repression
d. rationalization
e. suppresion

Answer 22

d. RATIONALIZATION!