Fluency Flashcards
What is fluent speech?
speech that is effortless and relaxed; speech flows smoothly and continuously and it is rhythmic
What is stuttering?
disorder of fluency characterized by increased effort and halting flow
What secondary behaviors are associated with stuttering?
rapid eye blinking; moving hand and foot; opening and closing their mouth quickly; facial grimaces and lip pursing
What is involved in the assessment of fluency disorders?
Obtaining a case history; observing the child to see if they exhibit any secondary behaviors or avoidance behaviors (situations, sounds, or words that they avoid); use the stuttering severity instrument to assess the severity of stuttering; ask parents or loved ones their thoughts about the person’s stutteriing; assess speech rate and articulatory rate; obtain a speech sample in spontaneous speech (e.g., phone call or when talking to the person before the evaluation and in elicited speech during formal testing)
What are two comprehensive standardized assessments that are given to assess stuttering?
Behavior Assessment Battery of School-Aged Children and the OASES (Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering)
What is the diagnostic criteria used for stuttering?
A dysfluency rate that surpasses 5% of spoken words when all dysfluencies are counted; a certain frequency of part-word repetitions, speech-sound prolongations, and broken words; dysfluencies that last one second or longer
What information should be obtained when recording the case history of a client who is suspected to stutter?
Language and speech development history; onset and development of stuttering; if they received clinical services before; general health history; if there is a family prevalence of stuttering; current education/occupation
What are general treatment goals for stuttering?
Reduce instances of stuttering and achieve better fluency; counsel person and their family members or loved ones; reduce secondary behaviors and avoidance behaviors
What is the psychological method to stuttering?
Assumes that psychological problems cause stuttering; discuss how the person thinks and feels about stuttering; discuss a new way for them to view stuttering; discuss conflicts they’ve experienced due to stuttering
What is the fluent stuttering method?
An approach proposed by Charles Van Riper in which modifying the severity of the stutter was the most realistic way of treating stuttering. It is also known as the stutter more frequently approach
What is involved in the fluent stuttering method?
Counseling; stuttering modification techniques (cancellations, preparatory sets, and pull-outs); desensitization to stuttering; teaching patients to identify the stutter; stabilize treatment gains
What is the fluency shaping method?
It is also known as the speak more fluently approach. It aims to improve fluency in order to achieve stutter-free speech
What is involved in the fluency shaping method?
Teaching them easy onset and to speak slowly; teaching them how to manage their airflow
What is the purpose of the direct stuttering reduction method?
reduce stuttering directly in order to obtain more natural sounding fluency
What are two direct stuttering reduction methods?
Pause and talk (time-out): pause after each disfluency and continue talking
Response cost: token taken away for each instance of stuttering; token given for each fluent instance of stuttering
When treating preschool and early school-age children, it is important to consider the following:
train and counsel the parent; counsel the child; teach them fluency through play
When treating older students and adolescents, it is important to consider the following:
Train teachers and parents; focus on fluency shaping and pause and talk methods; counsel; teach them how to monitor themselves
When treating adults, it is important to consider the following:
counsel and train their loved ones/partners; counsel the client; teach them how to monitor themselves;
Regarding generalization of treatment, a clinician should do the following:
invite unfamiliar people to clinic sessions after 3-5 sessions of consistent fluency; have the client speak in naturalistic environments; follow up periodically
What is neurogenic stuttering?
type of stuttering caused by issues to the brain; it is associated with apraxia, dysarthria, or aphasia
What are etiological factors of neurogenic stuttering?
drug toxicity; extrapyramidal disease; cerebrovascular accidents
What are features of neurogenic stuttering?
evidence of damage to the brain; adult onset of stuttering; repetition of consonants in the medial or final word position; generally increased rate of disfluencies; disfluency with function words; rapid rate of speech
What is cluttering?
type of disfluent speech characterized by rapid and irregular speech rate; reduced speech intelligibility; imprecise articulation; disorganized language; poor prosody; poor management of discourse
What are characteristics of cluttering?
not aware of cluttering; truncated production of words and syllables; rapid speech rate; disorganized thought process; frequent pauses and impaired prosodic features; monotone voice; rhythm is jerky
Treatment of cluttering is typically focused on
reducing speech rate and increasing awareness of cluttering
