Flood Risk Assessment: Flood Hydrograph Simulation - Conceptual Model Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of Hydrological Models?

A
  • Empirical (Black Box)
  • Conceptual
  • Physically - based
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2
Q

What is the definition for an empirical model?

A

Uses input-output relationships from data, no process simulation

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3
Q

Definition for conceptual model?

A

Simplified process representation using stores and rules

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4
Q

Definition for physically-based model?

A

Solves physical laws via numerical methods

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5
Q

What are limitations of the unit hydrograph method?

A
  • Ignores evapotranspiration and baseflow
  • Assumes time-invariance
  • Doesn’t simulate full streamflow time series
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6
Q

Conceptual models use series of _______ with parameters to control flow and losses.

A

stores

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7
Q

Components within the water system?

A
  • Water demand
  • Water resources
  • Water networks
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8
Q

What are elements within the water demand?

A

Population, irrigation, indoor use

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9
Q

What are elements within the water resources?

A

Precipitation, groundwater, surface water

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10
Q

What are elements within the water networks?

A

Supply, leakage, wastewater, stormwater discharge

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11
Q

What is field capacity?

A

Max soil moisture held without drainage.

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12
Q

What is the wilting point?

A

Soil moisture level below which plants wilt.

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13
Q

What is Soil Moisture Deficit (SMD)?

A

Air content in the soil.

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14
Q

What is infiltration excess?

A

When rainfall exceeds the soil’s infiltration capacity.

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15
Q

What is saturation excess?

A

When soil is already fully saturated (SMD = 0).

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16
Q

What is NEAR (Non-Effective Area Runoff)?

A

Runoff from impervious surfaces that flows into pervious areas.

17
Q

What is the run off behaviour like in a pervious area?

A

Overland flow via infiltration/saturation excess

18
Q

What is the run off behaviour like in a impervious area?

A

Divided into NEAR and EAR

19
Q

Impervious Area Calculations
Formula
Evapotranspiration

A

PET = Ke × ET₀
AET = min(PET, IL, P)
- Ke = evaporation coefficient (0.1 for bare soil)
- IL = initial losses (mm)
- P = precipitation (mm)

20
Q

Formula
Surface Runoff

A

EAR = EA × max(P − AET, 0)
NEAR = (1 − EA) × max(P − AET, 0)- EA = % of area hydraulically connected to storm sewer

21
Q

Soil Moisture Calculation (Pervious Areas)
Formula:

A

PSMD(i) = SMD(i − 1) + PE(i) + R(i) − P(i) − NEAR(i)
Where:

SMD = Soil Moisture Deficit
PE = Potential Evaporation
AE = Actual Evaporation
R = Recharge
P = Precipitation
NEAR = Non-effective runoff

22
Q

When is AE(i) limited to WP − SMD(i−1)?

A

When PSMD(i) > WP

23
Q

True/False
If PSMD(i) < 0, excess precipitation becomes effective rainfall.

24
Q

What’s the first step before calculating streamflow using a routing model?

A

Estimate total runoff (EAR + NEAR), then apply routing equations.

25
Why is a warm-up period needed?
To reduce error from poor initial conditions in storage values.
26
True/False The validation period should include extreme events to test robustness.
True
27
What is calibration?
Adjusting parameters to fit observed data
28
What is Validation?
Applying model to new data without re-tuning
29
What is Warm-up?
Initial period excluded due to sensitivity to starting values
30
What is OF?
Overland flow input
31
What is Qb?
Baseflow
32
What is Qs?
Stormflow
33
What is Q?
Total flow = Qb + Qs