Flight Operations Flashcards

Question

(Refer to figure [66](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) While practicing S-turns, a consistently smaller half-circle is made on one side of the road than on the other, and this turn is not completed before crossing the road or reference line. This would most likely occur in turn

Answer 1

**4-5-6 because the bank is increased too rapidly during the early part of the turn.** With the wind shown, a steep bank at point 4 will cause the aircraft to be pushed toward the road and inscribe a smaller half circle than the 1-2-3 half circle. The bank should be shallow at point 4 and gradually increased as the turn progresses. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 7](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh2021/afh_ch7.pdf)

Answer 2

**121.5 MHz.** Emergency frequencies are 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz. There is also an emergency frequency guarded by the U.S. Coast Guard on 2182 kHz. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 6-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch6.pdf)

Answer 3

**Air Traffic Control Tower.** Requests for SVFR clearances should be to the associated control tower within Class D airspace. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-4](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 4

**Special Notices section of the Airport Facility Directory (A/FD).** Available Landing Distance (ALD) data are published in the special notices section of the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) and in the U.S. Terminal Procedures Publications (TPP). [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 5

**A loss of situational awareness.** Getting behind the aircraft—This pitfall can be caused by allowing events or the situation to control pilot actions. A constant state of surprise at what happens next may be exhibited when the pilot is getting behind the aircraft. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf)

Answer 6

**ground track.** The controller can see the track of an aircraft over the ground and so issues radar traffic information accordingly. The pilot must correct for any wind correction he or she is holding to be able to look in the correct direction. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 7

**'FOUR THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED.'** For reporting altitudes and flight levels, say each number followed by thousand or hundred, as in 12,000, one two thousand or 12,500, one two thousand five hundred. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 8

**peripheral vision by scanning small sectors and utilizing offcenter viewing.** A scanning procedure to permit off-center viewing of objects is more effective at night. This is due to the fact that the light sensitive nerve cells known as "rods" are distributed around the cone cells within the eye. The rods allow night vision. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 11](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh_ch11.pdf)

Answer 9

**Monitor 121.5 before engine shutdown.** Monitor 121.5 MHz and/or 243.0 MHz before engine shut down at the end of each flight. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 6](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch6.pdf)

Answer 10

**10 miles out.** The pilot should self-announce on the MULTICOM frequency 10 miles out, entering downwind, base, and final, and leaving the runway. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 11

**Hypoxia.** Hypoxia means “reduced oxygen” or “not enough oxygen.” Although any tissue will die if deprived of oxygen long enough, the greatest concern regarding hypoxia during flight is lack of oxygen to the brain, since it is particularly vulnerable to oxygen deprivation. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf)

Answer 12

**immediately establish the proper gliding attitude and airspeed.** When a complete power loss occurs in flight in a single-engine airplane, the pilot must maintain control, stabilize the airplane in best glide attitude, and follow the engine failure checklist. Priority one is to fly the airplane. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 18](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh2021/afh_ch18.pdf)

Answer 13

**immediately establish the proper gliding attitude and airspeed.** When a complete power loss occurs in flight in a single-engine airplane, the pilot must maintain control, stabilize the airplane in best glide attitude, and follow the engine failure checklist. Priority one is to fly the airplane. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 18](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh2021/afh_ch18.pdf)

Answer 14

**1200.** Unless otherwise instructed by an ATC facility, adjust the transponder to reply on Mode 3/A Code 1200 regardless of altitude. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 15

**slowing the breathing rate, breathing into a paper bag, or talking aloud.** Hyperventilation is the excessive rate and depth of breathing, leading to abnormal loss of carbon dioxide from the blood. Slowing the breathing rate, breathing into a paper bag, or talking aloud helps to overcome hyperventilation. Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17

Answer 16

**Checklists.** Neglect of flight planning, preflight inspections, and checklists—A pilot may rely on short- and long-term memory, regular flying skills, and familiar routes instead of established procedures and published checklists. This can be particularly true of experienced pilots. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf)

Answer 17

**There will be no apparent relative motion between your aircraft and the other aircraft.** Any aircraft that appears to have no relative motion and stays in one scan quadrant is likely to be on a collision course. Also, if a target shows no lateral or vertical motion, but increases in size, take evasive action. [Pilot's Role in Collision Avoidance (AC 90-48)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_90_48D_with_Chg_1.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf)

Answer 18

**Runway 18 and expect a crosswind from the right.** The tetrahedron indicates either runway 22 or 18 for landing. Runway 22 has X's on it indicating that it is closed and cannot be used. Runway 18 with a right crosswind is the preferred landing runway. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 19

**Crabbed into the wind.** To compensate for the crosswind, the pilot must angle into the wind, toward the outside of the rectangular course, which requires the turn to be less than 90°. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 7](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh2021/afh_ch7.pdf)

Answer 20

**Recognizing hazardous thoughts.** Problems arise when hazardous attitudes occur regularly and/or to an extreme. Learning to recognize these hazardous attitudes is the first step in neutralizing them. [Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_60_22.pdf) Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2

Answer 21

**Carbon monoxide.** Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas contained in exhaust fumes. When breathed even in minute quantities over a period of time, it can significantly reduce the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf)

Answer 22

**Label that thought as hazardous, then correct that thought by stating the corresponding learned antidote.** Recognition of hazardous thoughts is the first step toward neutralizing them. After recognizing a thought as hazardous, the pilot should label it as hazardous, then state the corresponding antidote. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 4](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch4.pdf)

Answer 23

**Scan slowly to permit offcenter viewing.** A scanning procedure to permit off-center viewing of objects is more effective at night. This is due to the fact that the light sensitive nerve cells known as "rods" are distributed around the cone cells within the eye. The rods allow night vision. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf)

Answer 24

**Right-hand traffic and Runway 18.** The tetrahedron indicates either runway 22 or 18 for landing. Runway 22 has X's on it indicating that it is closed and cannot be used. Runway 18 with right-hand traffic is the preferred landing runway. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3

Answer 25

**350°; and 170°; magnetic heading.** Runway numbers and letters are determined from the approach direction. The runway number is the whole number nearest one-tenth the magnetic azimuth of the centerline of the runway, measured clockwise from the magnetic north. Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 2

Answer 26

**on the glide slope.** On a 2-bar VASI, red over white, as shown in illustration A, indicates that the aircraft is on the glide slope. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 27

**Indicates designation and direction of exit taxiway from runway.** A runway exit sign defines the direction and designation of the exit taxiway from the runway. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Appendix C](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_Appendix_C.pdf)

Answer 28

**clear days.** Statistics indicate that the majority of midair collisions and near midair collisions occur in good weather and during daylight hours. This is when more aircraft are flying and pilots may be lulled into a sense of complacency. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf) [Pilot's Role in Collision Avoidance (AC 90-48)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_90_48D_with_Chg_1.pdf)

Answer 29

**a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements to search each 10-degree sector.** Use a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements that bring successive areas of the sky into the central visual field. Each movement should not exceed 10° and each area should be observed for at least 1 second to enable detection. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](%20a%20series%20of%20short,%20regularly%20spaced%20eye%20movements%20to%20search%20each%2010-degree%20sector.%20Use%20a%20series%20of%20short,%20regularly%20spaced%20eye%20movements%20that%20bring%20successive%20areas%20of%20the%20sky%20into%20the%20central%20visual%20field.%20Each%20movement%20should%20not%20exceed%2010%C2%B0%20and%20each%20area%20should%20be%20observed%20for%20at%20least%201%20second%20to%20enable%20detection.%20Aeronautical%20Information%20Manual%20(AIM)%208-1%20Pilot's%20Handbook%20of%20Aeronautical%20Knowledge%20Ch.%2014) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 30

**three white lights and one red light.** On the 4-light Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI), a slightly high indication shows three white lights and one red light. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 31

**Continual flight into instrument conditions.** A pilot must be aware of certain behavioral traps. Continuing VFR into instrument conditions often leads to spatial disorientation or collision with ground / obstacles. [Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_60_22.pdf)

Answer 32

**safety alerts, traffic advisories, and limited vectoring to VFR aircraft.** In addition to the use of radar for the control of IFR aircraft, all commissioned radar facilities provide basic radar services for VFR aircraft such as safety alerts, traffic advisories, & limited radar vectoring (on a workload permitting basis). [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 33

**White inscriptions on red background.** Holding position signs have a red background with a white inscription. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 34

**Taking chances is foolish.** Pilots who are always trying to prove that they are better than anyone else are thinking "I can do it - I'll show them." The antidote for this macho attitude is to say, "Taking chances is foolish." [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf) [Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_60_22.pdf)

Answer 35

**500 feet** According to the FAA, a near midair collision is defined as an incident associated with the operation of an aircraft in which a possibility of collision occurs as a result of proximity of less than 500 feet to another aircraft, or a report is received from a pilot or a flight crew member stating that a collision hazard existed between two or more aircraft. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 7-7](https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap7_section_7.html)

Answer 36

**The ability to recognize hazards and mitigate risks.** In the mid-1970s, airlines started to employ Crew Resource Management (CRM) in the workplace (flight deck). The program helped crews recognize hazards and provided tools for them to eliminate the hazard or minimize its impact. [Risk Management Handbook Ch. 1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/risk_management_hb_change_Chapter_1.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf)

Answer 37

**Not so fast, think first.** Impulsivity is the attitude of people who frequently feel the need to do something immediately. They do not stop to think. The antidote is to say, "Not so fast. Think first." [Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_60_22.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf)

Answer 38

**E.** Holding position markings for taxiway/taxiway intersections consist of a single dashed line extending across the width of the taxiway. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 39

**NTSB Part 830.** The National Transportation and Safety Board part 830 contains notification and reporting of aircraft accidents or incidents, overdue aircraft, and preservation of aircraft wreckage, mail, cargo, and records. [NTSB 830](https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=f2361048d01743972dd975fbf599a2e9&mc=true&node=pt49.7.830)

Answer 40

**should not cross the lines without ATC clearance.** When approaching a taxiway holding position marking (holding lines) from the side with the continuous lines, the pilot should not cross the marking without ATC clearance. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 41

**Judgment and decision-making abilities are diminished.** As little as one ounce of liquor, one bottle of beer or four ounces of wine can impair flying skills, with the alcohol consumed in these drinks being detectable in the breath and blood for at least 3 hours. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 8](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf)

Answer 42

**in conditions of reduced visibility.** Pilots are encouraged to turn on their landing lights when operating below 10,000', day or night, especially when operating within 10 miles of any airport, in conditions of reduced visibility, and in areas where flocks of birds may be expected. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3-23](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf#page=59)

Answer 43

**taxiing and takeoff.** The symbol at letter B indicates there is a displaced threshold, and the section of runway preceding this at letter A may be used for taxi and takeoff but not for landing. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 44

**122.8 MHz.** The CTAF / UNICOM frequency at Barnes CountyAirport, as shown on the sectional, is 122.8 MHz. This is denoted by the "C" inside the magenta circle beside the frequency. [Sectional Legend](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/sectional_legend.jpg) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 45

**Follow the rules.** The antiauthority attitude is found in people who do not like anyone telling them what to do. The antidote is to say, "Follow the rules. They are usually right." [Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_60_22.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf)

Answer 46

**having faith in the instruments rather than taking a chance on the sensory organs.** The best way to overcome spatial disorientation during flight in restricted visibility is to rely on the aircraft's instruments. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf)

Answer 47

**Contact ATC over the VOR.** Many FSSs are equipped with Remote Communications Outlets (RCOs) and can transmit on the same frequency at more than one location. The frequencies available at specific locations are indicated on charts above FSS communications boxes. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf) [PILOT\_CONTROLLER\_GLOSSARY\_HREF](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_pilot_controller_glossary.pdf)

Answer 48

**122.8 MHz.** The CTAF frequency at Coeur D'Alene, as shown on the sectional, is 122.8 MHz. This is denoted by the "C" inside the magenta circle beside the frequency. [Sectional Legend](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/sectional_legend.jpg)

Answer 49

**Human error.** Human error is the one common factor in most preventable accidents. Often, the pilot was aware of the possible hazards when the decision he made led to the wrong course of action. [Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_60_22.pdf)

Answer 50

**the pilot in command.** Before each takeoff, the pilot in command of an airplane carrying passengers shall ensure that all passengers have been orally briefed on the various matters of the flight.

Answer 51

**3 statute miles.** Pilots should only receive a LAHSO clearance when there is a minimum ceiling of 1,000' and 3 statute miles visibility. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 52

**10 miles.** Pilots of inbound aircraft should monitor and communicate on the appropriate CTAF from 10 miles out until landing at a non-towered airport. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 53

**spatial disorientation.** Spatial disorientation specifically refers to the lack of orientation with regard to the position, attitude, or movement of the aircraft in space. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf)

Answer 54

**7500, 7600, 7700.** 7500 is used by hijacked aircraft, 7600 is used by aircraft with a radio failure, & 7700 is used by aircraft in distress. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 6-4](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch6.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 6-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch6.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 55

**visual cues are taken away, as they are in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).** During flight in visual conditions, the eyes are the major orientation source and usually prevail over false sensations from other sensory systems. When these visual cues are taken away, as they are in IMC, false sensations can cause disorientation. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf)

Answer 56

**I am not helpless.** Pilots who think "what's the use?" do not see themselves as being able to make a great deal of difference in what happens to them. The antidote to this resignation attitude is to say, "I'm not helpless. I can make a difference." [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf) [Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_60_22.pdf)

Answer 57

**on a runway, about to exit.** From the cockpit the pilot would see two dashed bars and a holding position line when exiting a runway. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 58

**Check the windsock on the airfield to make the correct determination with runway choice.** While the lake ripples may give you an idea of wind direction, it may not coincide with the wind direction on the field. It is always best to use the wind direction indicator directly on the field when determining the best runway to use. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 59

**green, yellow, and white rotating beacon.** The beacon colors for a lighted heliport are green, yellow, and white. The total number of flashes is 30 to 45 per minute. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 60

**slowing the breathing rate, breathing into a bag, or talking aloud.** To control hyperventilation, the pilot must slow down the rate and depth of his breathing. This can be done by breathing in and out of a paper bag held over the nose and mouth, talking out loud, or any other method to slow down the breathing. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf)

Answer 61

**121.5 MHz.** Emergency frequencies are 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz. There is also an emergency frequency guarded by the U.S. Coast Guard on 2182 kHz. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 6-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch6.pdf)

Answer 62

**Indicates designation and direction of taxiway leading out of an intersection.** The inscription identifies the designation(s) of the intersecting taxiway(s) leading out of the intersection that a pilot would normally be expected to turn onto or hold short of. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 63

**It is difficult to judge your gliding distance and landing spot.** A constant gliding speed is maintained because variations of gliding speed nullify all attempts at accuracy in judgment of gliding distance and the landing spot [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 9](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh_ch9.pdf)

Answer 64

**F.** Location signs are used to identify either a taxiway or runway on which the aircraft is located. They are yellow numerals on a black background bordered by a yellow band. This sign signifies that you are on Taxiway Alpha. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 65

**7500.** Code 7500 is the hijack code. It should be avoided unless needed in an emergency. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 66

**right-quartering headwind.** The large end of the wind cone shows the direction from which the wind is blowing, approximately from the northwest. If an aircraft is landing on runway 26 (260°), the wind would be a right quartering headwind. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 67

**Holds aircraft short of the runway.** These markings identify the locations on a taxiway where an aircraft is supposed to stop when it does not have clearance to proceed onto the runway. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 68

**Both solid and striped lines.** Runway Holding Position Markings indicate where an aircraft is supposed to stop when approaching a runway. They consist of four yellow lines, two solid and two dashed, spaced six or twelve inches apart, and extending across the width of the taxiway or runway. The solid lines are always on the side where the aircraft is to hold. An aircraft exiting a runway is not clear of the runway until all parts of the aircraft have crossed the applicable holding position marking. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 69

**A runway hold position sign indicates an entrance to a runway from a taxiway.** This sign is located at the holding position on taxiways that intersect a runway or on runways that intersect other runways. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 70

**The pilot.** Even though a pilot holds a medical certificate stating that the pilot meets the health requirements for a particular type of flight operation, the decision whether the pilot is fit to fly on a particular day is strictly the pilot's. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf) [Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_60_22.pdf)

Answer 71

**An airport traffic pattern.** The maneuver is accomplished to replicate the airport traffic pattern that an airplane typically maneuvers while landing. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 7](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh2021/afh_ch7.pdf)

Answer 72

**122.9.** The MULTICOM Frequency at a non-towered airport without an FSS or UNICOM is 122.9. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 73

**Detect.** Problem detection is the first step in the decision-making process. It begins with recognizing a change occurred or an expected change did not occur. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf)

Answer 74

**122.8 MHZ.** The Unicom frequency is the last frequency listed in Mercer Co. Regional’s information. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 4](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 75

**five times within five seconds.** For high intensity runway light (HIRL) systems, 7 clicks of the microphone button establishes the high setting and 5 clicks establishes the medium setting. These clicks should be within a 5 second period of time. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 76

**noncontrol information in selected high-activity terminal areas**. ATIS is the continuous broadcast of recorded noncontrol info in certain high activity terminal areas. It improves controller effectiveness and relieves frequency congestion by automating the repetitive transmission of essential but routine information. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 77

**At the point where the airplane is directly crosswind.** When the airplane is directly crosswind, the pilot must control the wind correction angle throughout the turn by adding a crab into the wind. The crab is added by changing the rate of the turn with the bank angle. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 7](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh2021/afh_ch7.pdf)

Answer 78

**ground track.** The controller can see the track of an aircraft over the ground and so issues radar traffic information accordingly. The pilot must correct for any crab he is holding to be able to look in the correct direction. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 79

**sink into the flightpath of aircraft operating below the aircraft generating the turbulence.** Avoid the area below and behind the generating aircraft, especially at low altitude where even a momentary wake encounter could be hazardous. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)

Answer 80

**127.25MHz.** The CTAF frequency at Dallas Executive is shown on the sectional, is 127.25 MHz. This is denoted by the "C" inside the blue circle beside the frequency. [Sectional Legend](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/sectional_legend.jpg)

Answer 81

**Lack of flight planning.** Operating without adequate fuel reserves is an operational pitfall or behavioral trap into which a pilot may fall. It is generally the result of overconfidence, lack of flight planning, or disregarding applicable regulations. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf)

Answer 82

**Broadcast intentions when 10 miles out on the CTAF/MULTICOM frequency, 122.9 MHz.** The CTAF / MULTICOM frequency At Cooperstown Airport, as shown on the sectional, is 122.9 MHz. This is denoted by the "C" inside the magenta circle beside the frequency. The recommended inbound procedure is to contact the airport when 10 miles out. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 83

**Stay above its final approach flightpath all the way to touchdown.** When landing behind a larger aircraft, stay at or above the larger aircraft's final approach flight path and note its touchdown point and land beyond it. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 9](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_9.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)

Answer 84

**Student pilots.** Student pilots and pilots not familiar with LAHSO should not participate in the program. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 85

**above the large aircraft's final approach path and landing beyond the large aircraft's touchdown point.** When landing behind a larger aircraft, stay at or above the larger aircraft's final approach flight path, note its touchdown point, and land beyond it. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)

Answer 86

**Dry air at altitude tends to increase the rate of water loss from the body.** Flying for long periods in hot summer temperatures or at high altitudes increases the susceptibility to dehydration because these conditions tend to increase the rate of water loss from the body. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf)

Answer 87

**loss of muscular power.** Large accumulations of carbon monoxide in the human body can result in vomiting, loss of muscular power, or coma. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf) Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17

Answer 88

**Outward, upward, and around each tip.** The vortex circulation is outward, upward, and around the wingtips when viewed from either ahead or behind the aircraft. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf) [Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 9](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_9.pdf)

Answer 89

**‘FIVE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED’.** For reporting altitudes and flight levels, say each number followed by thousand or hundred, as in 12,000, one two thousand or 12,500, one two thousand five hundred. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 90

**Denotes intersecting runways.** A runway/runway hold position sign is located at the holding position on runways that intersect other runways. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 91

**spatial disorientation.** Spatial disorientation is a state of temporary confusion caused by a complexity of motions, forces, and visual scenes, resulting in illusions of motion and position. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf)

Answer 92

**The pilot will fly a lower approach, with the risk of striking objects along the approach path or possibly landing short.** A narrower-than-usual runway can create an illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is, especially when runway length-to-width relationships are comparable. The pilot who does not recognize this illusion will fly a lower approach, with the risk of striking objects along the approach path or landing short. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf)

Answer 93

**pulsating red light.** A below glide slope indication from a pulsating approach slope indicator is a steady red if slightly below or a pulsating red if well below the glide path. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 94

**7600.** Code 7600 is the radio failure code and could cause an alert on the controller's screen. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 95

**122.8 MHz.** The CTAF frequency at Coeur D'Alene, as shown on the sectional, is 122.8 MHz. This is denoted by the "C" inside the magenta circle beside the frequency. [Sectional Legend](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/sectional_legend.jpg)

Answer 96

**All traffic or terrain features appear to be farther away than their actual distance.** When a pilot is flying in haze and certain other view limiting situations, objects may appear farther away than they actually are. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf)

Answer 97

**When advised by the tower to do so.** A pilot who has just landed should not change from the tower frequency to the ground control frequency until directed to do so by the tower controller. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 98

**heavy, clean, and slow.** The greatest vortex strength occurs when the generating aircraft is heavy, clean, and slow. The strength of the vortex is governed by the airplane's weight, speed, and shape of the wing. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 99

**West.** Direction of traffic is given to the pilot in terms of a 12 hour clock where the 12 o'clock position is directly in front of the pilot's ground track. 9 o'clock would be directly left which is west on a heading of north. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 100

**Avoid bright white lights at least 30 minutes before the flight.** For complete dark adaptation, the pilot should avoid exposure to light, other than red light, for at least 30 minutes. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf)

Answer 101

**Transmit intentions on 122.9 MHz when 10 miles out and give position reports in the traffic pattern.** For non-towered airports without an FSS or UNICOM such as Currituck County, self-announce on MULTICOM frequency of 122.9 MHz when 10 miles out and upon entering downwind, base, and final. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 102

**Ensure the instruments will not stick.** Cabin should be heated to ensure the instruments will not stick. [Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft (AC 91-13)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_91_13c.pdf)

Answer 103

**122.8 MHz.** The CTAF / UNICOM frequency at Coeur D'Alene, as shown in the Chart Supplement and on the Sectional chart, is 122.8 MHz. [Chart Supplement Legend](https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/dafd/)

Answer 104

**122.9 MHz.** The CTAF / MULTICOM frequency at Garrison Airport, as shown on the sectional, is 122.9 MHz. This is denoted by the "C" inside the magenta circle beside the frequency. Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1

Answer 105

**look to the side of the object and scan slowly.** A scanning procedure to permit off-center viewing of objects is more effective at night. This is due to the fact that the light sensitive nerve cells known as "rods" are distributed around the cone cells within the eye. The rods allow night vision. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 11](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh_ch11.pdf)

Answer 106

**123.0 MHz.** The CTAF / UNICOM frequency at Jamestown Airport, as shown on the sectional, is 123.0 MHz. This is denoted by the "C" inside the magenta circle beside the frequency. [Sectional Legend](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/sectional_legend.jpg)

Answer 107

**left-hand for Runway 36 and right-hand for Runway 18.** The segmented circle has left-hand traffic to runways 9 and 36 and right-hand traffic to runways 18 and 27. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 108

**'MC ALESTER RADIO, HAWK SIX SIX SIX CHARLIE BRAVO, RECEIVING ARDMORE VORTAC, OVER.'** On initial contact, FSS is called "radio," as in "New York Radio, Cessna Three One One Echo." [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 109

**cannot be used for landing, but may be used for taxiing and takeoff.** The white arrows along the center line prior to a displaced threshold, indicate a portion of the runway that can be used for taxi and takeoff but not for landing. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 110

**Situational awareness, problem recognition, and good judgment.** Risk management is the part of the decision making process which relies on situational awareness, problem recognition, and good judgment to reduce risks associated with each flight. [Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_60_22.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf)

Answer 111

**Identifies direction to take-off runways.** Outbound destination signs have a yellow background with a black inscription indicating directions to the takeoff runways. These signs have an arrow showing the direction of the taxi route to that destination. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 112

**Right-hand traffic and Runway 18.** Arranged in pairs in conjunction with landing strip indicators and used to indicate the direction of turns when there is a variation from the normal left traffic pattern. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 113

**When departing from a runway intersection.** Pilots should state their position on the airport when calling the tower for takeoff from a runway intersection. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 114

**Systematically focus on different segments of the sky for short intervals.** Because the eye can focus only on a narrow viewing area, use a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements that bring successive areas of the sky into the central visual field. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf)

Answer 115

**Generating tendencies that lead to practices that are dangerous, often illegal, and may lead to a mishap.** Pilots, particularly those with considerable experience, as a rule, always try to complete a flight as planned, please passengers, and meet schedules. These tendencies ultimately may bring about practices that are dangerous and often illegal, and may lead to a mishap. [Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_60_22.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf)

Answer 116

**Safe obstruction clearance in the approach area.** The visual glide path of the VASI provides safe obstruction clearance within plus or minus 10 degrees of the extended runway centerline and to 4 NM from the runway threshold. Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-1

Answer 117

**The other aircraft is crossing to the left.** A steady red light is positioned on the left wing tip and a flashing red beacon light would be positioned such that it is visible in most directions. If these two lights are visible, the aircraft is crossing to the left. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 11](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh_ch11.pdf)

Answer 118

**Ground control, on initial contact.** Pilots of departing VFR aircraft are encouraged to request radar traffic information by notifying ground control on initial contact with their request and proposed direction of flight. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 119

**1200.** Unless otherwise instructed by an ATC facility, the transponder should be set to reply on Code 1200 when radar service is terminated. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 120

**G.** This sign has a yellow background with a black inscription with a graphic depicting the pavement holding position. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 121

**Corners 1 and 4.** With the wind shown, aircraft #1 would turn less than 90° to set up a post-turn crab into the wind to maintain the proper ground track. Aircraft #4 is crabbed into the wind before its turn so it will not turn a full 90° on completion of its turn upwind. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 7](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh2021/afh_ch7.pdf)

Answer 122

**The pilot.** The PIC is responsible for the safety of a flight including determining personal physical and mental readiness to fly. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf)

Answer 123

**Checklists.** A pilot must be aware of certain behavioral traps. Unjustified reliance on his short and long term memory, regular flying skills, or repetitive and familiar routes, may cause him to neglect proper flight planning, preflight inspections, and checklists. Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)

Answer 124

**An Aviation Medical Examiner.** If there is any doubt regarding the effects of any medication, consult an aviation medical examiner (AME) before flying. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf)

Answer 125

**Broadcast intentions prior to taxi and announcing runway of departure.** At a nontowered airport, before taxiing and before taxiing on the runway for departure, the pilot should monitor and communicate on the appropriate frequency. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 126

**confirms the aircraft's location to be on taxiway "B."** The sign confirming your location on a taxiway has a black background with a yellow letter. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 127

**Execute gentle banks, left and right for continuous visual scanning of the airspace.** During climbs and descents in flight conditions which permit visual detection of other traffic, pilots should execute gentle banks, left and right at a frequency which permits continuous visual scanning of the airspace about them. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-4](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 128

**Emotional tension, anxiety, or fear.** Hyperventilation occurs when the pilot abnormally increases the volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs. Any stressful situation can be a cause of hyperventilation. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf)

Answer 129

**Stop.** A steady red light signal indicates stop when your airplane is on the ground. [FAR 91.125](https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=5efc81540cb10bed4bdf2ea53b018113&mc=true&node=pt14.2.91)

Answer 130

**Observe the traffic flow, enter the pattern, and look for a light signal from the tower.** If the transmitter and receiver are inoperative, determine the direction of traffic flow, join the pattern, and maintain visual contact with the tower. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 131

**Code 1200.** Unless otherwise instructed by an ATC facility, adjust transponder to reply on Mode 3/A Code 1200 regardless of altitude. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 4](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 132

**Takeoffs may be started at position A on Runway 12, and the landing portion of this runway begins at position B.** The symbol at letter B indicates there is a displaced threshold, and the section of runway preceding this at letter A this may be used for taxi and takeoff. The landing portion of the runway begins at letter B. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 133

**runway with a displaced threshold that precedes the runway.** A demarcation bar delineates a runway with a displaced threshold from a blast pad, stopway or taxiway that precedes the runway. A demarcation bar is 3' wide and yellow, since it is not located on the runway. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 134

**to the next intersecting runway where further clearance is required.** Pilots are required to hold short of all runways intersecting their route. Specific clearance is required to enter or cross all runways. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 135

**runway 22.** On runway 22, the pilot would see a sign with black background and yellow numbers. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 136

**blue omnidirectional lights.** Taxiway edge lights are used to outline the edges of taxiways during periods of darkness or restricted visibility conditions. These fixtures emit blue light in all directions. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 11](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh_ch11.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 137

**10 miles of any airport.** Pilots are encouraged to turn on their landing lights when operating below 10,000 feet, day or night, especially when operating within 10 miles of any airport. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 138

**Systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action for a given set of circumstances.** ADM is a systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances. It is what a pilot intends to do based on the latest information he or she has. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf)

Answer 139

**groundspeed at touchdown, a longer ground roll, and the likelihood of overshooting the desired touchdown point.** In a downwind landing, the wind is pushing the aircraft from behind. In this case, the aircraft's groundspeed and ground roll will be increased. An increase in groundspeed will make it more difficult to hit the touchdown point. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 9](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh_ch9.pdf)

Answer 140

**Scud running.** Scud running is pushing the capabilities of the pilot and the aircraft to the limits by trying to maintain visual contact with the terrain while trying to avoid physical contact with it. [Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_60_22.pdf)

Answer 141

**The other aircraft is flying away from you.** A steady white light is positioned on the tail facing rearward and a flashing red beacon light would be positioned such that it is visible in most directions. If these two lights are visible, the aircraft is flying away from you. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 11](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh_ch11.pdf)

Answer 142

**sink below the aircraft generating turbulence.** Vortices from larger aircraft sink at a rate of several hundred feet per minute, slowing their descent and diminishing in strength with time and distance. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)

Answer 143

**The other aircraft is approaching head-on.** Steady red and green lights are positioned on the left and right wings, respectively. These are generally visible from the front and respective sides of the aircraft. If both are visible, the aircraft is likely approaching head-on. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 11](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh_ch11.pdf)

Answer 144

**Prescription analgesics.** Flying is almost always precluded while using prescription analgesics, such as drugs containing propoxyphene, oxycodone, meperidine, and codeine, since these drugs are known to cause side effects, such as mental confusion, dizziness, headaches, nausea, and vision problems. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf)

Answer 145

**above and upwind from the heavy aircraft.** Vortices tend to sink and drift downwind. Remaining above and upwind of the heavy aircraft's flight path is the best avoidance practice. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 146

**It could happen to me.** Many people feel that accidents happen to others, but never to them. Pilots with an invulnerable attitude are more likely to take chances and increase risk. The antidote is to just say, "It could happen to me". [Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_60_22.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf)

Answer 147

**090° and 270° magnetic.** Runway numbers and letters are determined from the approach direction and the numbers are the whole number nearest one-tenth the magnetic azimuth of the centerline. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 148

**Between directly ahead and 90° to the right.** When traffic is radar identified, the controller will tell the pilot the location of the traffic in terms of the 12 hour clock. When the traffic is identified at the 2 o'clock position, the pilot looks between directly ahead and 90° to his right. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 149

**7500.** Code 7500 is the hijack code. It should be avoided unless needed. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 150

**not exceed 10 degrees and view each sector at least 1 second.** Use a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements that bring successive areas of the sky into the central visual field. Each movement should not exceed 10° and each area should be observed for at least 1 second to enable detection. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf)

Answer 151

**Identifies where aircraft hold short of the runway.** These markings identify the locations on a taxiway where an aircraft is supposed to stop when it does not have clearance to proceed onto the runway. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 152

**The pilot must close the flight plan with the nearest FSS or other FAA facility upon landing.** The pilot should close his flight plan with the nearest FSS, or if one is not available, request any ATC facility to relay the cancellation to the FSS. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 5-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch5.pdf)

Answer 153

**Visual descent information to the runway.** The VASI is a system of lights so arranged to provide visual descent guidance information during the approach to a runway. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 154

**Motor and mental response impairment is still present** While experiencing a hangover, a pilot is still under the influence of alcohol. Although a pilot may think he or she is functioning normally, motor and mental response impairment is still present. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf)

Answer 155

**'ONE ZERO THOUSAND, FIVE HUNDRED.'** For reporting altitudes and flight levels, say each number followed by thousand or hundred, as in 12,000, one two thousand or 12,500, one two thousand five hundred. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 156

**A state of oxygen deficiency in the body.** Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in the body sufficient to impair functions of the brain and other organs. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch17.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf)

Answer 157

**light, quartering tailwind.** Pilots must be especially alert in calm wind or in a light tailwind situation. These cause the vortices to remain longer in the touchdown area or drift forward farther down into the touchdown area. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf) [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)

Answer 158

**the same as during daytime.** Every effort should be made to maintain the recommended airspeeds and execute the approach and landing in the same manner as during the day. [Airplane Flying Handbook Ch. 11](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/afh_ch11.pdf)

Answer 159

**visually scan the entire area for collision avoidance.** The pilot can contribute to collision avoidance by being alert and scanning for other aircraft. Vigilance should be maintained and clearing turns should be made prior to a practice maneuver. [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 160

**Indicates taxiway does not continue.** Taxiway ending markers indicate the end of the taxiway. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf)

Answer 161

**A feeling of suffocation and drowsiness.** As hyperventilation “blows off” excessive carbon dioxide from the body, a pilot can experience symptoms of lightheadedness, suffocation, drowsiness, tingling in the extremities, and coolness and react to them with even greater hyperventilation. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 8-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch8.pdf)

Answer 162

**7500.** Code 7500 is the hijacked aircraft code and will cause an alert on the controller's screen. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 163

**below the glide slope.** On a 2-bar VASI, red over red, as shown in illustration D, indicates that the aircraft is below the glide slope. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch2.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 164

**An operable transponder having either Mode S or 4096-code capability with Mode C automatic altitude reporting capability, and ADS-B Out.** All aircraft within 30 nautical miles of an airport listed in appendix D, section 1 of this part from the surface upward to 10,000 feet MSL, operating an aircraft equipped with an operable ATC transponder shall operate the transponder, including Mode C equipment if installed, and shall reply on the appropriate code or as assigned by ATC and have Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Equipment operating on the frequency of 978 MHz. [FAR 91.225](https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=5efc81540cb10bed4bdf2ea53b018113&mc=true&node=pt14.2.91) [FAR 91.215](https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=5efc81540cb10bed4bdf2ea53b018113&mc=true&node=pt14.2.91)

Answer 165

**You should call on their CTAF frequency for an airport advisory.** Pilots of inbound traffic should monitor and communicate as appropriate on the designated CTAF from 10 miles to landing. A CTAF is a frequency designated for the purpose of carrying out airport advisory practices while operating to or from an airport without an operating control tower. The CTAF may be a UNICOM, MULTICOM, or tower frequency and is identified in appropriate aeronautical publications. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 166

**121.5 and 243.0 MHz.** ELTs operate on the frequencies of 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz for the older analog devices and 406 MHz for the newer digital devices. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 6-2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch6.pdf)

Answer 167

**to enter 45° at the midpoint of the downwind leg at traffic pattern altitude.** Enter the downwind leg of the pattern in level flight at a 45° angle, abeam the midpoint of the runway at pattern altitude. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)

Answer 168

**South.** When traffic is radar identified, the controller will tell the pilot the location of the traffic in terms of the 12 hour clock. For an aircraft on a 090° heading, the 3 o'clock position is to his right, or south. [Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch4.pdf)

Answer 169

**Antiauthority, impulsivity, macho, resignation, and invulnerability.** Hazardous attitudes are: Antiauthority: Don't tell me, Impulsivity: Do something quickly, Invulnerability: It won't happen to me, Macho: I can do it, Resignation: What's the use? [Aeronautical Decision Making (AC 60-22)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_60_22.pdf) [Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch2.pdf)