Aviation Weather Flashcards
1
Q
For aviation purposes, ceiling is defined as the height above the Earth’s surface of the
A
lowest broken or overcast layer or vertical visibility into an obscuration.
Ceiling is defined as the height (AGL) of the lowest broken or overcast layer aloft or vertical visibility into an obscuration.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1
Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3
2
Q
(Refer to figure 15.) In the TAF from KOKC, the clear sky becomes
A
overcast at 2,000 feet during the forecast period between 2200Z and 2400Z.
SKC BECMG 0522/0524 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA OVC020 means that the clear sky will be becoming between 2200Z and 2400Z, winds from 200° at 13 knots, gusting to 20 knots, 4 statute miles visibility in rain showers with an overcast at 2000’.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1
Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13
3
Q
What are the standard temperature and pressure values for sea level?
A
15 °C and 29.92 inches Hg.
These are the standard temperature and pressure values. 59° F and 1013.2 millibars would also be correct.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 1
4
Q
Every physical process of weather is accompanied by, or is the result of, a
A
heat exchange.
The amount of solar energy received by any region of the Earth varies. These differences create temperature variations, which create forces that drive the atmosphere in its endless motions. Unequal heating of the Earth’s surface causes weather phenomena.
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 2
5
Q
What clouds have the greatest turbulence?
A
Cumulonimbus.
Cumulonimbus are the ultimate manifestation of instability. Nearly the entire spectrum of flying hazards are contained in these clouds including violent turbulence.
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 13
6
Q
(Refer to figure 15.) What is the valid period for the TAF for KMEM?
A
1800Z on the 12th to 2400Z on the 13th.
A TAF is generally valid for 24 or 30 hours. 1218/1324 indicates the forecast is for the 12th day of the month and is valid from 1800Z on the 12th until 2400Z on the 13th.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1
Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13
7
Q
Absence of the sky condition and visibility on an ATIS broadcast indicates that
A
the ceiling is at least 5,000 feet and visibility is 5 miles or more.
The ceiling/sky condition, visibility, and obstructions to vision may be omitted from the ATIS broadcast if the ceiling is above 5,000’ and the visibility is more than 5 miles.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1
8
Q
A pilot can expect a wind-shear zone in a temperature inversion whenever the windspeed at 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the surface is at least
A
25 knots.
A shear zone is likely above an inversion if the wind at 2,000 to 4,000’ is 25 knots or more.
Pilot Windshear Guide (AC 00-54)
9
Q
During the life cycle of a thunderstorm, which stage is characterized predominately by downdrafts?
A
Dissipating.
Downdrafts characterize the dissipating stage of a thunderstorm.
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19
10
Q
The zone between contrasting air masses is called a:
A
Front.
The boundary between two different air masses is called a front.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12
11
Q
When the term ‘light and variable’ is used in reference to a Winds Aloft Forecast, the coded group and windspeed is
A
9900 and less than 5 knots.
When the forecast speed is less than 5 knots, the coded group is “9900” and read, “LIGHT AND VARIABLE”.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13
Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1
12
Q
SIGMETs are issued as a warning of weather conditions hazardous to which aircraft?
A
All aircraft.
A SIGMET advises of nonconvective weather that is potentially hazardous to all aircraft.
Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1
13
Q
What is indicated when a current CONVECTIVE SIGMET forecasts thunderstorms?
A
Thunderstorms obscured by massive cloud layers.
A Convective SIGMET contains data regarding severe thunderstorms, lines of thunderstorms, thunderstorms with wide spread heavy precipitation, and embedded thunderstorms. Embedded thunderstorms are those obscured by massive cloud layers.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1
Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13
14
Q
At approximately what altitude above the surface would the pilot expect the base of cumuliform clouds if the surface air temperature is 82 °F and the dewpoint is 38 °F?
A
10,000 feet AGL.
As a rule of thumb, divide the difference between the temperature and dew point by 4.4 to determine the height of the cloud base. 82° F - 38° F = 44. 44 / 4.4 = 10 (in thousands of feet) or 10,000’.
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 12
15
Q
How will frost on the wings of an airplane affect takeoff performance?
A
Frost will disrupt the smooth flow of air over the wing, adversely affecting its lifting capability.
Frost disrupts the smooth airflow over the wing and destroys lift. This may prevent the aircraft from taking off or it may require a significantly longer takeoff run to become airborne.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12
16
Q
Upon encountering severe turbulence, which flight condition should the pilot attempt to maintain?
A
Level flight attitude.
Maintain a constant attitude, let the aircraft “ride the waves”.
Pilot Windshear Guide (AC 00-54)
17
Q
How can you determine the stability of an air mass?
A
Observe the cloud formations and type of precipitation.
Atmospheric stability is the property of the ambient air that either enhances or suppresses vertical motion of air parcels and determines which type of clouds and precipitation a pilot will encounter. Cumulus clouds indicate areas of instability in the atmosphere, and the air around and inside them is turbulent. Stratus clouds tend to form in layers and are indicative of a stable air mass.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 12
18
Q
The layers of the atmosphere, beginning at the earth’s surface, are:
A
Troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere.
The vertical structure of the atmosphere is divided into layers, troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere.
AVIATION_WEATHER_HREF
19
Q
A stable air mass is most likely to have which characteristic?
A
Poor surface visibility.
In stable air, flying is usually smooth. It can contain low ceilings and poor visibilities.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12
20
Q
The presence of cumulus clouds indicate:
A
Unstable air with clearer visibilities.
Cumulus clouds indicate unstable air and good visibility.
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 13
21
Q
The Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) is:
A
Specific to an airport.
A TAF is a report established for the five statute mile radius around an airport.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13
22
Q
What information is contained in a CONVECTIVE SIGMET?
A
Tornadoes, embedded thunderstorms, and hail 3/4 inch or greater in diameter.
A Convective SIGMET contains data regarding severe thunderstorms including, tornadoes, and large hail, ¾” or more in diameter. Embedded thunderstorms are also forecast on Convective SIGMETs.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1
Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13
23
Q
What feature is normally associated with the cumulus stage of a thunderstorm?
A
Continuous updraft.
The key feature of the cumulus stage of a cumulonimbus is continuous updrafts.
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19
24
Q
What should pilots state initially when telephoning a weather briefing facility for preflight weather information?
A
The intended route of flight and destination.
The pilot should give clear and concise facts about his flight, which includes route of flight and destination.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1
Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 1
25
The mature stage of a thunderstorm begins with:
```
**the start of precipitation.**
The mature stage of a thunderstorm is signaled by the formation of downdrafts which allows precipitation to fall.
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19
```
26
To update a previous weather briefing, a pilot should request
**an abbreviated briefing.**
An abbreviated briefing provides a supplement to disseminated data, an update to a previous briefing, or a briefing limited to specific information.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_1.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
27
(Refer to figure [18](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) What is the status of the front that extends from Nebraska through the upper peninsula of Michigan?
**Cold.**
A cold front is symbolized as a line with pointed barbs pointing in the direction of movement.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 4](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_4.pdf)
28
Steady precipitation preceding a front is an indication of
**stratiform clouds with little or no turbulence.**
Precipitation from stratiform clouds is usually steady and there is little or no turbulence.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 10](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_10.pdf)
29
What are characteristics of unstable air?
**Turbulence and good surface visibility.**
Unstable air is usually turbulent with good surface visibilities.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
30
(Refer to figure [15](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) Between 1000Z and 1200Z the visibility at KMEM is forecast to be?
**3 statute miles.**
BECMG 1310/1312 00000KT 3SM means the weather will be becoming, between 1000Z and 1200Z, light and variable winds with a visibility of 3 statute miles.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
31
The most accurate part of a forecast occurs:
**At the beginning of the forecast period.**
The most accurate part of a forecast is at the beginning of the forecast period since it is based on the most recent data.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 15](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch15.pdf)
32
What is wake turbulence?
**The counter rotating vortices off the wingtips of an airplane generating lift.**
All aircraft generate wake turbulence during flight. This disturbance is caused by a pair of counter-rotating vortices trailing from the wingtips. The vortices from larger aircraft pose problems to encountering aircraft.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)
33
You define an air mass as:
**Large bodies of air with a uniform temperature and moisture.**
An air mass is defined as an extensive body of air having fairly uniform properties of temperature and moisture.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_Appendix_All.pdf)
34
Layered clouds are called:
**Stratus.**
Stratus clouds are formed in layers—typical low clouds, like stratus, stratocumulus, and nimbostratus are layered.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
35
Which weather phenomenon is always associated with a thunderstorm?
**Lightning.**
A local storm, invariably produced by a cumulonimbus cloud, and always accompanied by lightning and thunder.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_19.pdf)
36
Crests of standing mountain waves may be marked by stationary, lens-shaped clouds known as
**standing lenticular clouds.**
Standing lenticular altocumulus clouds are formed on the crests of waves created by barriers in the wind flow - can be caused by mountain waves. They are an indication of very strong turbulence.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_13.pdf)
37
Low-level turbulence can occur and icing can become hazardous in which type of fog?
```
**Steam fog.**
Steam fog forms in winter when cold, dry air passes over comparatively warm water. The result is low level turbulence and icing.
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 16
```
38
One in-flight condition necessary for structural icing to form is
**visible moisture.**
One of the two conditions for structural icing to form is the aircraft must be flying through visible moisture.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_19.pdf)
39
Which conditions result in the formation of frost?
**The temperature of the collecting surface is at or below the dewpoint of the adjacent air and the dewpoint is below freezing.**
Frost forms in much the same way as dew. The difference is that the collecting surface must be colder than the dew point of the surrounding air and the dew point must be colder than freezing.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_3.pdf)
40
What situation is most conducive to the formation of radiation fog?
**Warm, moist air over low, flatland areas on clear, calm nights.**
Favorable conditions for radiation fog are: clear sky, at night or near daybreak, little or no wind and a small temperature / dew point spread.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 16](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_16.pdf)
41
(Refer to figure [18](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) Of what value is the Weather Depiction Chart to the pilot?
**For determining general weather conditions on which to base flight planning.**
The weather depiction chart gives a broad overview of the observed flying category conditions at the valid time of the chart.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 4](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_4.pdf)
42
(Refer to figure [14](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) The intensity and type of icing reported by a pilot is
**light to moderate rime.**
The PIREP reports as /IC LGT-MOD RIME 072-089. Light to moderate rime icing from 7,200' to 8,900'.
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_3.pdf)
43
In which situation is advection fog most likely to form?
**An air mass moving inland from the coast in winter.**
Advection fog forms when moist air moves over colder ground or water.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 16](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_16.pdf)
44
(Refer to figure [19](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) How are Significant Weather Prognostic Charts best used by a pilot?
**For determining areas to avoid (freezing levels and turbulence).**
Fronts, precipitation, freezing levels, and turbulence found on the significant weather prognostic chart can provide the pilot with insight on areas to avoid. Looking at charts for multiple time periods allows the pilot to see how these areas will change.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
45
Clouds are divided into four families according to their
**height range.**
The four basic cloud types are divided into four families, high, middle, low, and clouds with extensive vertical development.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_13.pdf)
46
(Refer to figure [14](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) The base and tops of the overcast layer reported by a pilot are
**7,200 feet MSL and 8,900 feet MSL.**
The PIREP gives sky cover after the SK symbol. It describes cloud amount, MSL height of cloud bases, and MSL height of cloud tops. The overcast layer, OVC072-TOP089, is 7,200' MSL and 8,900' MSL.
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_3.pdf)
47
(Refer to figure [15](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) In the TAF for KMEM, what does 'SHRA' stand for?
**Rain showers.**
3SM SHRA means three miles visibility in rain (RA) showers (SH).
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
48
If you will be flying with cumulus clouds, you might expect:
**A bumpy flight with good visibility.**
Since air is rising to form a cumulus cloud the air is bumpy but the visibility is normally good.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
49
(Refer to figure [15](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) The only cloud type forecast in TAF reports is
```
**Cumulonimbus.**
Cumulonimbus clouds (CB) are the only cloud type forecast in TAFs.
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
```
50
If you read in a METAR the symbols “SKC” and “OVC”, refer to:
**Sky Clear and Overcast.**
“SKC” indicates Sky cover is clear. “OVC” indicates sky cover is overcast.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
51
(Refer to figure [12](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) The wind direction and velocity at KJFK is from
**180° true at 4 knots.**
KJFK is reporting the wind direction and speed as 18004KT. This means that the wind direction (first three digits) is from 180 true at (last two digits) 04 knots.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_3.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
52
Thunderstorms reach their greatest intensity during the
**mature stage.**
All thunderstorm hazards reach their greatest intensity during the mature stage.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_19.pdf)
53
What conditions are necessary for the formation of thunderstorms?
**High humidity, lifting force, and unstable conditions.**
For a cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) cloud to form, it must have sufficient water vapor, an unstable lapse rate, and an initial upward boost.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_19.pdf)
54
If the temperature/dewpoint spread is small and decreasing, and the temperature is 62 °F, what type weather is most likely to develop?
**Fog or low clouds.**
Favorable conditions for radiation fog are: clear sky, at night or near daybreak, little or no wind and a small temperature / dew point spread.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 16](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_16.pdf)
55
Clouds, fog, or dew will always form when
**water vapor condenses.**
Clouds, fog, and dew are all forms of visible moisture which occur when invisible water vapor condenses into its liquid form.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_3.pdf)
56
What values are used for Winds Aloft Forecasts?
**True direction and knots.**
The FD contains a six-digit group comprised of wind direction (first two digits) in reference to true north, wind speed (second two digits) in knots, and temperature (last two digits) in degrees Celsius.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
57
To get a complete weather briefing for the planned flight, the pilot should request
**a standard briefing.**
A standard briefing is a comprehensive weather briefing. It includes all the necessary information the pilot needs to plan his flight.
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_1.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
58
If there is thunderstorm activity in the vicinity of an airport at which you plan to land, which hazardous atmospheric phenomenon might be expected on the landing approach?
**Wind-shear turbulence.**
Hazardous turbulence is present in all thunderstorms. Outside the cloud, shear turbulence has been noted as much as 20 miles laterally from a severe storm.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_19.pdf)
59
(Refer to Figure [17](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) Determine the wind and temperature aloft forecast for ALS at 12,000 feet.
**260° true at 35 knots, temperature -8°C.**
“2635-08” at ALS indicates the wind from 260° true at 35 knots, with a temperature of -8° Celsius.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
60
If you are on approach and picking up ½ in. of rime ice on the leading edge of your wings, you should consider:
**A faster than normal approach and landing speed.**
Ice accumulates unevenly on the airplane. It adds weight and drag (primarily drag) and decreases thrust and lift. With ice accumulations, Ice adds weight and drag and decreases thrust and lift. The landing approach should be made with more speed. a minimum wing flap setting and with an added margin of airspeed.
[Instrument Flying Handbook Ch. 4](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/IFH_FAA_8083_15B_Chapter_4.pdf)
61
The boundary between two different air masses is referred to as a
**front.**
The boundary between two different air masses is called a front.
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 10
62
(Refer to figure [15](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) During the time period from 0600Z to 0800Z, what visibility is forecast for KOKC?
**Greater than 6 statute miles.**
BECMG 0606/0608 21015KT P6SM means that between 0600Z and 0800Z the conditions will be becoming, winds from 210° at 15 knots with greater than 6 miles visibility.
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
63
What feature is associated with a temperature inversion?
**A stable layer of air.**
If the temperature increases with altitude through a layer, an inversion, the layer is stable and convection is suppressed.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_12.pdf)
64
Which type weather briefing should a pilot request, when departing within the hour, if no preliminary weather information has been received?
**Standard briefing.**
A standard briefing is a comprehensive weather briefing. It includes all the necessary information the pilot needs to plan his flight.
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_1.pdf)
65
What would decrease the stability of an air mass?
**Warming from below.**
When air near the surface is warm and moist, suspect instability.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_12.pdf)
66
How does frost affect the lifting surfaces of an airplane on takeoff?
**Frost may prevent the airplane from becoming airborne at normal takeoff speed.**
The roughness of frost spoils the smooth flow of air over the airfoil causing a slowing of the air. Even a small amount of frost can prevent the aircraft from becoming airborne at normal takeoff speed.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 18](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_18.pdf)
67
The life cycle of a thunderstorm cell has three distinct stages:
**Cumulus stage, mature stage, and dissipating stage.**
A thunderstorm cell undergoes three distinct stages during its life cycle—towering cumulus (or cumulus), mature, and dissipating.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_19.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
68
You can expect dangerous turbulence in mountain waves and:
**Below rotor clouds.**
Under each wave crest there is a rotary circulation. It forms below the elevation of the mountain peaks. Turbulence can be violent in the overturning rotor. The rotor may be marked by a rotor cloud. Turbulence is most severe in and below the standing rotors.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_17.pdf)
[Hazardous Mountain Winds (AC 00-57)](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_57.pdf)
69
What can you learn about current weather conditions from this PIREP?
RFD UUA /OV RFD090005/TM 1818/FL015/TP B767/RM +/- 15 KTS ON FINAL
**It is an urgent pilot report for a plus or minus 15 knot variation of airspeed on final approach.**
The UUA in the first part of the report means that this is an urgent upper air report at FL015 or 1,500 feet. In the last section, the "RM +/- 15 KTS ON FINAL" indicates a remark reporting a plus or minus 15 knot variation of airspeed on final approach.
[PIREP Form](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/PIREP_FORM.pdf)
Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3
70
Which weather condition should you expect when flying near cumulus clouds?
**turbulence.**
For cumulus with little vertical development, pilots can expect some turbulence and no significant icing. However, for towering cumulus which tend to have some vertical development, pilots can expect very strong turbulence.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_13.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
71
What are the processes by which moisture is added to unsaturated air?
**Evaporation and sublimation.**
Evaporation is the changing of liquid water to invisible water vapor. Sublimation is the changing of ice directly to water vapor bypassing the liquid state. Both processes add water to unsaturated air.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_3.pdf)
72
Cold air generally contains:
**Less water vapor than warm air.**
The amount of moisture present in the atmosphere is dependent upon the temperature of the air. Every 20 °F increase in temperature doubles the amount of moisture the air can hold. Conversely, a decrease of 20 °F cuts the capacity in half.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_3.pdf)
73
Which weather conditions should be expected beneath a low-level temperature inversion layer when the relative humidity is high?
**Smooth air, poor visibility, fog, haze, or low clouds.**
A ground based inversion favors poor visibility by trapping fog, smoke, and other restrictions into low levels of the atmosphere. An inversion is a stable air mass and would have smooth air.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_12.pdf)
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_2.pdf)
74
(Refer to figure [14](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) The wind and temperature at 12,000 feet MSL as reported by a pilot are
**080° at 21 knots and -7 °C.**
The PIREP reports wind conditions after the /WV symbol and temperature after the /TA symbol. /TA M7/WV 08021 means temperature minus 7° Celsius, wind from 80° at 21 knots.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_3.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
75
What causes variations in altimeter settings between weather reporting points?
**Unequal heating of the Earth's surface.**
When two surfaces are heated unequally, they heat the overlying air unevenly. The warmer air expands and becomes lighter or less dense than the cool air. This creates differences in pressure.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 7](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_7.pdf)
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 4](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_4.pdf)
76
When telephoning a weather briefing facility for preflight weather information, pilots should state
**the aircraft identification or the pilot's name.**
On requesting a briefing, identify yourself as a pilot and give clear, concise facts about the flight, such as aircraft identification and pilot's name.
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_1.pdf)
77
(Refer to figure [12](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) Which of the reporting stations have VFR weather?
**KINK, KBOI, and KLAX.**
VFR requires ceilings of 1,000' or more and visibilities of 3 miles or more. These airports are reporting this.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_3.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
78
When telephoning a weather briefing facility for preflight weather information, pilots should state
**whether they intend to fly VFR only.**
The pilot should give clear and concise facts about his flight, which includes type of flight (VFR or IFR).
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_1.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
79
(Refer to figure [15](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) In the TAF from KOKC, the 'FM (FROM) Group' is forecast for the hours from 1600Z to 2200Z with the wind from
**180° at 10 knots.**
FM051600 18010KT means that from 1600Z, winds are expected to be from 180° at 10 knots.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
80
What is the approximate base of the cumulus clouds if the surface air temperature at 1,000 feet MSL is 70 °F and the dewpoint is 48 °F?
**6,000 feet MSL.**
As a rule of thumb, divide the difference between the temperature and dew point by 4.4 to determine the height of the cloud base. 70° F - 48° F = 22. 22 / 4.4 = 5 (in thousands of feet). Add the field elevation of 1,000' to the 5,000' to find 6,000'.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
81
Inland fog is most likely:
```
**Radiation Fog sometimes called ground fog.**
Radiation fog is a common type of fog, produced over a land area when radiational cooling reduces the air temperature to or below its dew point. Ground fog is a form of radiation fog that is confined to near ground level.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 16
```
82
The presence of ice pellets at the surface is evidence that there
**is a temperature inversion with freezing rain at a higher altitude.**
Rain falling through colder air may freeze during its descent falling as ice pellets. Ice pellets always indicate freezing rain at higher altitudes.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 18](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_18.pdf)
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_5.pdf)
83
Humid air at the surface, especially in summer, can cause:
**Instability and the formation of afternoon thunderstorms.**
Humid summer air can cause instability and rising air, which can form thunderstorms.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_12.pdf)
84
(Refer to figure [17](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) What wind is forecast for STL at 9,000 feet?
**230° true at 32 knots.**
STL is reporting 2332+02 at 9,000'. Winds from 230° true (first two digits), at 32 knots (second two digits), with a temperature of 2° C (last two digits).
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
85
To determine the freezing level and areas of probable icing aloft, the pilot should refer to the
**Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories.**
Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories (SIGMET, AIRMET, Convective SIGMET) are forecasts to advise en route aircraft of development of potentially hazardous weather. AIRMETs and SIGMETs provide information on icing.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
86
What measurement can be used to determine the stability of the atmosphere?
**Actual lapse rate.**
The difference between the existing lapse rate of a given mass of air and the adiabatic rates of cooling in upward moving air determines if the air is stable.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_12.pdf)
87
What is a characteristic of stable air?
**Stratiform clouds.**
When stable air is forced upward, the air tends to retain horizontal flow, and any cloudiness is flat and stratified thus stratus type clouds.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
88
What types of fog depend upon wind in order to exist?
**Advection fog and upslope fog.**
Both advection fog and upslope fog depend on the movement of wind to form.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 16](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_16.pdf)
89
(Refer to figure [12](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) The remarks section for KMDW has RAB35 listed. This entry means
**rain began at 1835Z.**
RAB35 means that rain began at 35 minutes past the hour. The report was made at 1856Z.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_3.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13
90
In which environment is aircraft structural ice most likely to have the highest accumulation rate?
**Freezing rain.**
Freezing rain normally can cause the greatest amount of ice accumulation on the aircraft because the water droplets are larger than those associated with either drizzle or cumulous clouds.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 18](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_18.pdf)
91
The suffix 'nimbus,' used in naming clouds, means
**a rain cloud.**
The prefix nimbo or the suffix nimbus means rain cloud.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_13.pdf)
92
Possible mountain wave turbulence could be anticipated when winds of 40 knots or greater blow
**across a mountain ridge, and the air is stable.**
When stable air crosses a mountain barrier, mountain waves may occur. This creates a turbulent air mass which takes a wave-like pattern. This wave pattern may extend 100 miles or more downwind from the mountain.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_17.pdf)
93
A weather briefing that is provided when the information requested is 6 or more hours in advance of the proposed departure time is
**an outlook briefing.**
The outlook briefing will be provided when the proposed departure is 6 hours or more from the time of the briefing.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_1.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
94
A TAF includes:
**Wind, visibility, weather phenomena, obstructions to vision, and cloud coverage.**
A TAF includes wind, visibility, weather phenomena, obstructions to vision, and cloud coverage.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
95
What are characteristics of a moist, unstable air mass?
**Cumuliform clouds and showery precipitation.**
A moist, unstable air mass will normally cause cumulus clouds and showery precipitation.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
96
One of the most easily recognized discontinuities across a front is
**a change in temperature.**
The difference of temperature from one side of a front to the other is usually the most easily recognized phenomenon.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 10](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_10.pdf)
97
Frost on the wing of an airplane:
**Should always be removed before flying.**
Frost disrupts the flow of air over the wing and can drastically reduce the production of lift. An aircraft must be thoroughly cleaned and free of frost prior to beginning a flight.
Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 5
Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 18
98
(Refer to figure [17](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) What wind is forecast for STL at 12,000 feet?
**230° true at 39 knots.**
The winds and temperature aloft chart for STL at 12,000' shows 2339-04. Translated as 230° true, at 39 knots, temperature of negative 4 degrees Celsius.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
99
The destination airport has one runway, 08-26, and the wind is calm. The normal approach in calm wind is a left hand pattern to runway 08. There is no other traffic at the airport. A thunderstorm about 6 miles west is beginning its mature stage, and rain is starting to reach the ground. The pilot decides to:
**Fly an approach to runway 26 since any unexpected wind due to the storm will be westerly.**
Land on runway 26 since it is farthest from the storm and the winds are calm at the moment.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch14.pdf)
100
After takeoff you encounter a temperature inversion. You should expect:
**Wind shear.**
Inversions commonly occur within the lowest few thousand feet above ground. Strong wind shears often occur across temperature inversion layers, which can generate turbulence.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_17.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
101
(Refer to figure [14](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) If the terrain elevation is 1,295 feet MSL, what is the height above ground level of the base of the ceiling?
**505 feet AGL.**
BKN (broken) constitutes a ceiling. //SK BKN018 means the sky has a broken layer beginning at 1,800' MSL. The field elevation is 1,295' MSL. (1,800' MSL - 1,295' MSL = 505' AGL).
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_3.pdf)
102
(Refer to figure [12](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) What are the wind conditions at Wink, Texas (KINK)?
**110° at 12 knots, gusts 18 knots.**
KINK is reporting the wind as 11012G18KT. This means that the wind direction (first three digits) is from 110 true at (next two digits) 12 knots, (plus gusting information) to 18 knots.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_3.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
103
Thunderstorms which generally produce the most intense hazard to aircraft are
**squall line thunderstorms.**
Squall line thunderstorms present the single most intense weather hazard to aircraft. They often contain severe steady-state thunderstorms.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_19.pdf)
104
(Refer to figure [17](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) What wind is forecast for AMA at 12,000 feet?
**260° true at 25 knots.**
“2625-04” for AMA indicates the wind from 260 degrees true at 25 knots. Temperature is minus 4 degrees Celsius.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
105
One weather phenomenon which will always occur when flying across a front is a change in the
**wind direction.**
There is always a shift in wind when flying across a front.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
106
To obtain current information regarding cloud tops, icing, and turbulence check the:
**Pilot reports (PIREPs).**
PIREPs provide valuable information regarding the conditions as they actually exist in the air, which cannot be gathered from any other source. Pilots can confirm the height of bases and tops of clouds, locations of wind shear and turbulence, and the location of inflight icing.
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
107
(Refer to Figure [17](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) Determine the wind and temperature aloft forecast for HLC at 9,000 feet.
**210° true at 13 knots, temperature -3°C.**
Altitudes through 12,000 feet are classified as true altitudes. “2113-03” for HLC indicates the wind from 210° true at 13 knots, with a temperature of minus -3° Celsius.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
108
June through August the Sun is:
```
**Higher in the sky in the northern hemisphere.**
Since the axis of the Earth tilts to the plane of its orbit, solar radiation varies seasonally. The Northern Hemisphere is warmer in summer because the Sun is higher in the sky.
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 2
```
109
(Refer to figure [19](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) Interpret the weather symbol depicted in Utah on the 12-hour Significant Weather Prognostic Chart.
**Moderate turbulence, surface to 18,000 feet.**
The single "hat" symbol indicates moderate turbulence. The number with a forward slash identifies a turbulence layer from the surface. In Utah, the 180/ means turbulence from the surface to 18,000' MSL.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
110
(Refer to figure [19](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) At what altitude is the freezing level over the middle of Florida on the 12-hour Significant Weather Prognostic Chart?
## Footnote
**View Figure 19**
**12,000 feet.**
A dashed line represents the freezing level. The number 120, over central Florida, indicates the freezing level is at 12,000'.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
111
Where does wind shear occur?
**At all altitudes, in all directions.**
Wind shear may be associated with either a wind shift or a wind speed gradient at any level in the atmosphere.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_17.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
112
Low level inversions may cause:
**Smoke and dust to be trapped close to the surface.**
Inversion layers are commonly shallow layers of smooth, stable air close to the ground. The air at the top of the layer acts as a lid, keeping weather and pollutants trapped below.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
113
The amount of water vapor which air can hold depends on the
**air temperature.**
Temperature largely determines the maximum amount of water vapor air can hold.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_3.pdf)
114
When may hazardous wind shear be expected?
**In areas of low-level temperature inversion, frontal zones, and clear air turbulence.**
Wind shear may be expected with a low level temperature inversion, a frontal zone, or clear air turbulence at high levels associated with a jet stream or strong circulation.
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 17
115
Which atmospheric layer is typified by a relatively small change in temperature?
**Stratosphere.**
Above the troposphere is the stratosphere typified by relatively small changes in temperature with height except for a warming trend near the top.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_1.pdf)
116
AIRMETs are advisories of significant weather phenomena but of lower intensities than Sigmets and are intended for dissemination to
**all pilots.**
AIRMETs are advisories of significant weather phenomena but describe conditions at intensities lower than those which require the issuance of SIGMETs. AIRMETs are intended for dissemination to all pilots to enhance safety.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
117
Which in-flight advisory would contain information on severe icing not associated with thunderstorms?
**SIGMET.**
The SIGMET contains severe weather for all aircraft including severe icing.
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
118
Which weather phenomenon signals the beginning of the mature stage of a thunderstorm?
**Precipitation beginning to fall.**
The mature stage of a thunderstorm is signaled by the formation of downdrafts which allows precipitation to fall.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_19.pdf)
119
While flying over mountainous terrain you see clouds with extensive vertical development. What does this indicate?
**An unstable air mass over the mountains.**
Clouds with extensive vertical development are cumulus clouds that build vertically into towering cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds. The bases of these clouds form in the low to middle cloud base region but can extend into high altitude cloud levels. Towering cumulus clouds indicate areas of instability in the atmosphere, and the air around and inside them is turbulent.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_12.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 11](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_11.pdf)
120
If an unstable air mass is forced upward, what type clouds can be expected?
**Clouds with considerable vertical development and associated turbulence.**
When unstable air is forced upward, the disturbance grows, and any resulting cloudiness shows extensive vertical development. The usual convection in unstable air gives a bumpy, turbulent ride.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_12.pdf)
121
(Refer to figure [15](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) What is the forecast wind for KMEM from 1600Z until the end of the forecast?
**Variable in direction at 6 knots.**
FM131600 VRB06KT means that from 1600Z the wind will be variable at 6 knots.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 5](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_5.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
122
What is meant by the term 'dewpoint'?
**The temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated.**
Dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated by the water vapor already present in the air.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_3.pdf)
123
What should pilots state initially when telephoning a weather briefing facility for preflight weather information?
**Identify themselves as pilots.**
When requesting a briefing, pilots should identify themselves as pilots and give clear and concise facts about their flight.
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_1.pdf)
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
124
On a TAF, the broken cloud layer written as, BKN250 indicates:
**A broken cloud layer at 25,000 feet AGL.**
“BKN250” indicates a broken cloud layer at 25,000 feet.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
125
The wind at 5,000 feet AGL is southwesterly while the surface wind is southerly. This difference in direction is primarily due to
**friction between the wind and the surface.**
In the northern hemisphere, Coriolis force deflects the pressure gradient force wind to the right until the wind blows approximately parallel to the isobars. Surface friction reduces this deflection so that a southwesterly wind becomes southerly.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 7](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_7.pdf)
126
What causes sea breezes to move inland?
**Cool, dense air moving inland from over the water to replace warm air that has risen over the land.**
A cool sea breeze moves inland as warmer air over the land begins to rise. The rising air from over the land returns seaward at a higher altitude to complete the process.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
127
When requesting weather information for the following morning, a pilot should request
an outlook briefing.
The outlook briefing will be provided when the proposed departure is 6 hours or more from the time of the briefing.
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_1.pdf)
127
Moist, stable air flowing upslope can be expected to
**produce stratus type clouds.**
When stable air is forced upward, the air tends to retain horizontal flow, and any cloudiness is flat and stratified thus stratus type clouds.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 17](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_17.pdf)
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_12.pdf)
128
The standard temperature lapse rate is:
**2°C per 1,000 feet.**
A standard temperature lapse rate is one in which the temperature decreases at the rate of approximately 3.5 °F or 2 °C per 1000' up to about 36,000'.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
128
What are the types of preflight weather briefings?
**Standard, abbreviated, and outlook.**
For weather specialists to provide an appropriate weather briefing, they need to know which of the three types of briefings is needed—standard, abbreviated, or outlook.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
129
The variations of solar radiation on the Earth’s surface create:
**Changes in weather.**
The amount of solar energy received by any region varies with time of day, seasons, and latitude. These differences in solar energy create temperature variations.
[AVIATION\_WEATHER\_HREF](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B.pdf)
130
A temperature inversion would most likely result in which weather condition?
```
**An increase in temperature as altitude is increased.**
By definition, a temperature inversion is an increase in temperature as altitude is increased. The normal temperature "lapse rate" is inverted.
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 2
```
131
Why is frost considered hazardous to flight?
**Frost spoils the smooth flow of air over the wings, thereby decreasing lifting capability.**
The roughness of frost spoils the smooth flow of air over the airfoil causing a slowing of the air. This causes early airflow separation resulting in a loss of lift.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 18](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_18.pdf)
132
Radar weather reports are of special interest to pilots because they indicate
location of precipitation along with type, intensity, and cell movement of precipitation.
A radar weather report (SD), can pinpoint precipitation which includes type, intensity, and location. Cell movement is also indicated.
Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13
Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3
132
Radar weather reports are of special interest to pilots because they indicate
location of precipitation along with type, intensity, and cell movement of precipitation.
A radar weather report (SD), can pinpoint precipitation which includes type, intensity, and location. Cell movement is also indicated.
Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13
Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3
132
Radar weather reports are of special interest to pilots because they indicate
**location of precipitation along with type, intensity, and cell movement of precipitation.**
A radar weather report (SD), can pinpoint precipitation which includes type, intensity, and location. Cell movement is also indicated.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_3.pdf)
133
Wind shear can be defined as:
```
A change in wind direction or wind speed.
Wind shear is the rate of change in wind direction and/or speed per unit distance. Wind shear generates turbulence between two wind currents of different directions and/or speeds.
Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 17
```
134
METARs have a four letter identifier. In the U.S. METARs begin with the letter:
**K.**
In the 48 contiguous states, a unique three-letter identifier is preceded by the letter “K.” For example, Gregg County Airport in Longview, Texas, is identified by the letters “KGGG”.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
135
Which type of weather briefing should a pilot request to supplement mass disseminated data?
**An abbreviated briefing.**
An abbreviated briefing provides a supplement to disseminated data, an update to a previous briefing, or a briefing limited to specific information.
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_1.pdf)
136
The information in a METAR is:
**Sequential following a prescribed format.**
A METAR is an observation of current surface weather reported in a standard international format. A typical METAR report contains information in sequential order.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
137
The conditions necessary for the formation of cumulonimbus clouds are a lifting action and
```
**unstable, moist air.**
For cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) clouds to form, they must have sufficient water vapor, an unstable lapse rate, and an initial upward boost.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_19.pdf)
```
138
What cloud types would indicate convective turbulence?
**Towering cumulus clouds.**
Towering cumulus clouds signify a relatively deep layer of unstable air and can be accompanied by showers, very strong turbulence, and some clear icing.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_13.pdf)
139
A nonfrontal, narrow band of active thunderstorms that often develop ahead of a cold front is a known as a
**squall line.**
A squall line is defined as a non-frontal narrow band of active thunderstorms.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_19.pdf)
140
A fast moving cold front can cause:
**Thunderstorms.**
As the cold front passes, towering cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds continue to dominate the sky. Depending on the intensity of the cold front, heavy rain showers form and may be accompanied by lightning, thunder, and/or hail.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
141
An almond or lens-shaped cloud which appears stationary, but which may contain winds of 50 knots or more, is referred to as
**a lenticular cloud.**
Standing lenticular altocumulus clouds are formed on the crests of waves created by barriers in the wind flow. They are lens or almond shaped.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_13.pdf)
142
There are three conditions necessary to create thunderstorms. They are:
**Unstable air, high moisture content, and a source of lift.**
Thunderstorm cell formation requires three ingredients: sufficient water vapor, unstable air, and a lifting mechanism.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
143
Thunderstorms may contain:
**Turbulence, icing, hailstones, and lightning.**
A thunderstorm can pack just about every aviation weather hazard into one vicious bundle. These hazards include: lightning, adverse winds, downbursts, turbulence, icing, hail, rapid altimeter changes, static electricity, and tornadoes.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 19](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_19.pdf)
144
(Refer to figure [14](https://courses.sportys.com/training/portal/).) The intensity of the turbulence reported at a specific altitude is
**light from 5,500 feet to 7,200 feet.**
The PIREP reports turbulence as /TB LGT 055-072. Light turbulence between 5,500' and 7,200'.
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
[Aviation Weather Services (AC 00-45) Ch. 3](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_45H_with_Chg_1_Chapter_3.pdf)
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
145
The most frequent type of ground or surface-based temperature inversion is that which is produced by
**terrestrial radiation on a clear, relatively still night.**
The ground radiates and cools much faster than the overlying air. The air in contact with the ground becomes cold while the temperature a few hundred feet above changes very little. Thus, temperature increases with altitude.
[Aviation Weather (AC 00-6) Ch. 2](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/AC_00_6B_Chapter_2.pdf)
146
When speaking to a Flight Service weather briefer, you should state:
**whether the flight is VFR or IFR.**
The pilot should give clear and concise facts about his flight, which includes type of flight (VFR or IFR).
[Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/aim_ch7.pdf)
147
Which is true with respect to a high - or low-pressure system?
**A high-pressure area or ridge is an area of descending air.**
Air descends and flows from an area of high pressure or ridge to an area of low pressure.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 12](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch12.pdf)
148
Aviation Routine Weather reports (METARs) contain:
**Wind, visibility, precipitation, cloud coverage, temperature, and altimeter setting.**
This information includes the type of report, station identifier, date and time, modifier (as required), wind, visibility, runway visual range (RVR), weather phenomena, sky condition, temperature/dew point, altimeter reading, and applicable remarks.
[Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 13](https://dl.videos.sportys.com/onlinecourse/documents/references/phak_ch13.pdf)
