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Small Animal Medicine II > Fleas > Flashcards

Fleas Flashcards

1
Q

Why is environmental treatment for fleas especially important?

A

flea larvae or positive geotactic and negative phototactic –> move away from light and deep into carpet fibers

  • environment will house larvae and eggs, so both stages need to be targeted
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2
Q

What are flea cacoons like?

A

silken for camoflauge

  • induced to hatch in response to vibrations, CO2, and light
  • can remain inside until environment is perfect
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3
Q

What flea treatment is contraindicated in cats?

A

organophosphates and pyrethrin

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4
Q

What are the 4 kinds of detrimental effects caused by flea infestations?

A
  1. mechanical irritation
  2. anemia - common in young and debilitated animals
  3. vectors of infectious disease - Diplidium caninum, Yersinia pestis, Bartonella, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia felis
  4. dermatological conditions - flea bite hypersensitivity
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5
Q

Flea infestation:

A

on 3rd rinse of shampoo –> blood from animal affected

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6
Q

How are flea infestations typically diagnosed?

A

direct observation

  • flea comb
  • flea excrement (dirt)
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7
Q

Flea infestation, cat:

A

flea bite allergy - reaction patterns of crusts and papules (miliary dermatitis)

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8
Q

What causes flea bite allergies? What are the 4 mechanisms?

A

flea injects salivary proteins (haptens) during feeding, which can act as an allergen on its own or combine with dermal collagen to form an antigen, resulting in SEVERE allergic reactions

  1. Type I hypersensitivity - IgE
  2. Type IV hypersensitivity - T-cells
  3. cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity
  4. late-phase reactions
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9
Q

What is characteristic of flea bite allergies? What physical findings are seen in dogs and cats?

A

severe pruritis +/- fleas observed

  • DOGS = dorsal lumbar area, caudal aspect of rear legs, ventrum affected
  • CATS = same places as dogs +/- reaction patterns of miliary or eosinophilic dermatitis
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10
Q

Flea bite allergy:

A
  • alopecia
  • characteristic caudal rear legs + ventrum affected
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11
Q

Flea bite allergy, dog:

A
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12
Q

What are 4 ways that flea bite allergies are diagnosed?

A
  1. characteristic features and distribution of lesions
  2. fleas or flea dirt observed
  3. intradermal skin testing - only detects Type I hypersensitivities
  4. response to flea control
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13
Q

What are 3 parts to the treatment of flea bite allergies?

A
  1. flea control - prevent the bite, may need to double up on treatments with different MoA
  2. glucocorticoids - anti-inflammatory doses, treat for 3-4 weeks to allow flea control to be effective
  3. treat secondary infections
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14
Q

How is flea control done properly?

A
  • control population on the pet AND in the environment
  • treat all pets in the household
  • minimize toxicity
  • use and integrated approach - insecticides on animal, IGR in environment
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15
Q

What are 3 options of inert insecticides that can treat flea infestations?

A
  1. silica aerogel
  2. diatomaceous earth - not recommended, aerosolized
  3. borates - dessicants, poisonous to fleas if they ingest it
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16
Q

What is commonly added to pyrethrin to make it effective in treating flea infestations?

A

piperonul butoxide - prevents flea from being able to metabolize pyrethrin

  • poor residual option, needs repeated exposure
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17
Q

What are some options of pyrethroids for treating flea infestations? Which is able to be tolerated in cats?

A
  • Permetrin - many topicals, shampoos, rinses, and pour-ons
  • Phenothrin - OTC pour-on for dogs
  • Cyphenothrin - Parastar, Frontline Tritak
  • Flumetrin - Seresto collar
  • Deltamethrin - Scalibor collar

Etofenprox - Frontline Triak for cats

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18
Q

What are other botanicals that may be effective against flea infestations?

A
  • Rotenone dip/powder
  • citrus extract
19
Q

What are 3 options for insecticides that are effective against flea infestations?

A
  1. chlorinated hydrocarbons - Lindane
  2. organophosphates - Malthion, Dichlorovos, Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon
  3. carbamates - Bendiocarb, Carbaryl, Propoxur (common OTC collar, spray, pour-on)

not commonly used much anymore

20
Q

Delivery of systemic treatments of flea infestations:

A
21
Q

How are pour-ons properly placed on patients?

A

lift up hair on intracapsular area and apply product directly to skin

22
Q

Topical flea control options:

A
23
Q

What flea products have Imidacloprid in it? What are 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages?

A

Advantage (OTC Advantix has permethrin, do NOT use in cats)

  • ADVANTAGES - not systemically absorbed, approves for dogs (>7 weeks) and cats (>8 weeks), effective when wet
  • DISADVANTAGES - greasy at application site, ataxia and hypersalivation reported in kittens
24
Q

What product contains Nitenpyram? What are 3 advantages?

A

Capstar

  1. effective against fleas - rapidly kills following oral administration
  2. labeled for use in dogs and cats >4 weeks and >2 lbs
  3. ideal for treating fleas in dogs entering hospital or kennel environment
25
Q

What product contains Dinotefuran? What other medications are included?

A

Vectra 3D –> NOT available OTC

permethrin and pyriproxifen - cat product does NOT have permethrin

26
Q

What product contains Fipronil? What are 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages?

A

Frontline, Parastar

  • ADVANTAGES - effective when wet, approved for puppies and kittens >8 weeks, effective against ticks
  • DISADVANTAGES - needs to be applied more frequently in flea infestations (q 2-3 weeks), toxic to the environment
27
Q

What product contains Selamectin? How does it work?

A

Revolution

topically applied parasiticide that is absorbed and then secreted through sebaceous secretions

28
Q

What 7 parasites is Selamectin effective against?

A

(Revolution)

  1. fleas - kills adults and prevents eggs from hatching
  2. ear mites - Otodectes cynotis
  3. sarcoptic mange and notoedric mange
  4. heartworm
  5. hookworms - A. tubaeforme
  6. roundworms - T. cati
  7. ticks - Dermacentor variabilis
29
Q

In what patients is Selamectin safe for use in?

A
  • 6 week old puppies and kittens at 10x dose
  • ivermectin-sensitive Collies at recommended dose
  • breeding males and pregnant/lactating females
  • dogs and cats with oral dose - hypersalivation and vomiting noted in cats
30
Q

What product contains Spinetoram? What else does it contain?

A

Assurity for Cats

benzoyl alcohol - potentially toxic

31
Q

What product contains Indoxacarb? What is it commonly combined with in dogs?

A

Activyl - sodium channel blocker ingested by fleas and converted into an active agent (mammals metabolize it differently

Permethrin

32
Q

What products contain Afoxolaner? What adverse effects have been noted?

A

NexGard - Isoxazoline

  • vomiting
  • anorexia
  • lethargy
  • diarrhea
33
Q

What product contains Fluralaner?

A

Bravecto

  • effective against fleas and ticks in animals over 12 weeks
34
Q

What are 2 options for Isoxazoline combinations?

A
  1. Simparica Trio - Sarolaner, Moxidectin, Pyrantel effective against fleas, ticks, heartworm, and intestinal parasites
  2. Revolution Plus - Selamectin, Sarolaner effective against fleas, ticks, ear mites, intestinal parasites, and heartworm
35
Q

Which products contain Spinosad? What can it not be combined with?

A

Comfortis, Trifexis –> beef-flavored, activated nicotinic acetycholine receptors –> for puppies >8 weeks

Ivermectin (Spinosad is a P-gp inhibitor)

36
Q

What are 3 options for insecticide collars?

A
  1. Scalibor - Deltamethrin effective against fleas and ticks for up to 6 months
  2. Seresto - Imidacloprid and Flumethrin effective against fleas, ticks, chewing lice, and mange for up to 8 months
  3. Preventic - Amitraz effective against ticks
37
Q

What are the 2 types of insect growth regulators used to control flea infestations?

A

juvenile hormone analogs - keep larve growing instead of molting into a further stage
- Methoprene - inactivated by UV (best used on animal - Frontline Plus)
- Pyriproxifen - UV stable, premise sprays (Knockout, Frontline Gold)
- Fenoxycarb - not in US

insect development inhibitors - block chitin growth
- Lufenuron - oral or SQ Program and Sentinel
- Cyromazine - not in US

38
Q

What are the major advantages and disadvantage to using Lufenuron in controlling flea infestations?

A

ADVANTAGES - easy to administer, approved for dogs and cats

DISADVANTAGES - no adulticidal activity

(insect development inhibitor)

39
Q

How are pets and the environment treated in cases of flea infestations?

A

PET = bathing, flea combs, treat with insecticides and IGR

PREMISE = vacuum (dispose of vacuum bag), clean carpets and area rugs, treat with insecticides or inert agents

40
Q

What are 4 options for treating lawns for flea infestations?

A
  1. remove organic debris from high traffic areas (near doors)
  2. insecticide sprays every 2-4 weeks
  3. Steinernema carpocapsa - nematodes
  4. remove/keep out carriers (possums, rabbits, squirrels) and neighbors’ pets from the area
41
Q

What are 6 strategies for treating flea infestations in puppies/kitten less than 8 weeks old?

A
  1. flea comb regularly
  2. use methoprene (IGR) topically
  3. citrus acid derivative spray/rinse
  4. clean/change bedding daily
  5. vacuum area surrounding housing area
  6. treat mother similarly
42
Q

What are the 3 major ways of flea control in adult dogs?

A
  1. eliminate fleas on animal - Capstar, shampoo with pyrethrin/pyrethroid, topicals (Fipronil, Imidacloprid, Dinetofruan, Selamectin), oral Isoxazolines or Spinosad
  2. prevention - Lufenuron, FIDS, Spinosad, Isoxazolines, or Pyriproxyfen monthly
  3. environmental control
43
Q

What are 4 options for flea control in adult cats?

A
  1. flea comb
  2. topicals - FIDS, Bravecto for cats
  3. oral Lufenuron monthly or every 6 month injection
  4. environmental control

Small Animal Medicine II (57 decks)

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