fle1 Flashcards
what effect does increase in acid concentration have on blood pH during ketoacidosis?
in CO2 + h2o HCO3- + H+
it lowers pH, shifting equation to the left.
Hyperventilation occurs in response to reparatory acidosis because hyperventilation…
1) increases blood pH by decreasing CO2 concentration.
During hyperventilation, rapid breathing continually removes CO2 from the blood at a rate that is faster than the rate at which CO2 is being produced in the blood. Hyperventilation therefore reduces CO2, shifting the equilibrium in Equation 2 to the left (CO2 + H2O ↔ HCO3- + H+), leading to the conversion of HCO3- and H+ to CO2 and H2O to balance the system and return to equilibrium .
Note –> CO2 is acidic
What is the equation to measure static fluid?
P=Pair +p*gh
in human Phead=Pfeet + p*gh (serve as difference in height)
Which change in solution composition would cause a protein to elute from a hydrophobic interaction column?
Decreasing salt concentration
because: Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) relies on high salt concentrations to enhance or strengthen hydrophobic interactions. Therefore, decreasing the salt concentration weakens these interactions, causing the protein to dissociate from the column.
What equation related capacitance to area?
C = ε0A/d,
d= separation of plate
what is the wave formula?
v = fλ, frequency and wavelength are inversely related.
what is the energy formula?
E = hf
E is directly correlated to frequency so it’s inversely correlated to wavelength
Di cis,cis or trans,trans have higher boiling point?
trans trans because cis, cis can forma six structure ring + trans isomers are capable of stacking more closely and therefore experience greater intermolecular attractions, which contribute to higher boiling points.
which is more stable, trans/trans or cis/cis geometry under electron impact?
trans,trans
what is the accepted model for enzyme?
induced fit- The accepted mechanism for enzyme function is the induced-fit mechanism, which proposes that the enzyme stabilizes the transition state of the substrate, causing a reduction in the activation energy of the transition state.
what type of substitution is Asp to Glu?
complementary… will only slightly affect amino acid.
The number of water molecules formed when 2.5 g of Ca(OH)2 reacts with excess HCl is closest to which of the following?
Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
(2.5 g Ca(OH)2)(1 mol Ca(OH)2/74 g Ca(OH)2)(2 mol H2O/1 mol Ca(OH)2)(6.022 x 1023 molecules H2O/mol H2O) = 4.07 x 1022
what is an oligomer?
oligomer made of multiple protein chains associated together to form a quaternary structure (as in hemoglobin).
what is the hill plot coefficient?
the slope of the hill plot
What is an epimer of glucose?
mannose
What does the Lineweaver-Burke plot of a non-competitive inhibitor looks like?
1/V vs/ 1/S, both lines are parallel, with inhibitor lower than non inhibitor.
what does dextrorotatory mean for an element?
rotates polarized light clockwise and could contain a chiral carbon with either the R or the S configuration.
How does Sanger sequencing work?
Sanger sequencing works by using a DNA nucleotide without a 3’ hydroxyl to ‘poison’ the reaction. Because the normal DNA sugar is referred to as “deoxyribose,” this sugar without either a 2’ or a 3’ hydroxyl group is called “dideoxyribose.”
What do viruses have that eukaryotic host cells don’t that enables virus RNA to replicate?
eukaryotes lack an enzyme that can synthesize RNA from RNA.
There are two types of immunity in animals, innate immunity and adaptive immunity. There are also two kinds of adaptive immunity: cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
Define each.
innate immunity:
adaptive immunity:
cell mediated immunity:
humoral immunity:
How are Km and Vmax impacted by a competitive inhibitor?
Competitive inhibition causes an increase in the apparent KM but no change in the Vmax. A primary characteristic of competitive inhibition is that it can be overcome at high substrate concentrations.
A primary and a secondary immune response differ in that the primary response:
is slower, while the secondary response is faster and more efficient because memory cells were generated that have already adapted to the pathogen.
Passive immunity could result from:
I. receiving a vaccine.
II. contracting a viral or bacterial infection.
III. receiving an injection of antibodies.
III only
Describe the structure of DNA and the bonds- what’s on outer edge, what bonds, etc…
DNA has a double helix structure. The outer edges are formed by alternating deoxyribose sugar molecules and phosphate groups, which make up the sugar-phosphate (or phosphodiester) backbone. A phosphate group is a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atom. The phosphodiester bond is the linkage between the 3’ carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5’ carbon atom of another. The covalent phosphotyrosyl intermediate between any enzyme and DNA requires that the phosphodiester backbone of the DNA must be the target of cleavage.
What is tyrosine?
nonpolar aromatic amino acid that contains a hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring.
Which adaptive immunity cell type is most effective at removing a cancerous cell from the body without the assistance of other immune cells?
cytotoxic t lymphocyte
Which innate immunity cell type is most effective at removing a cancerous cell from the body without the assistance of other immune cells?
Natural Killer cell
Which microorganism is capable of performing transcription and translation simultaneously in the same cellular compartment?
bacteria
Where is the most common variation between codons that code for the same amino acids ?
third base
what is the veto form of pyruvate?
The keto form of pyruvate is CH3COCOO-. The term “enol” indicates that both a C=C bond and an OH group are present.
What is the most probable impact of a point mutation that substitutes the terminal guanine of a 5’ exon with an alternate nucleotide?
A) The mRNA will be prematurely terminated. B) The protein will be nonfunctional due to an amino acid change.
C) The intron will not be spliced from the mRNA transcript.
D) There will be no effect, because this is a silent mutation.
C
A researcher who needs to separate proteins according to size should use which method?
SDS- page
