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Animals > Flatworms > Flashcards

Flatworms Flashcards

1
Q

Two major evolutionary advances of flatworms

A

Cephalization

Primary bilateral symmetry

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2
Q

triploblastic and either acoelomate or pseudocoelomate

A

Flatworms

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3
Q 
Which phylum: 
Body flattened dorsoventrally
Triploblastic, 
Acoelomate (atypical !)
Have a cellular ciliated epidermis
A

Phylum Acoelomorpha

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4
Q

Which systems do Phylum Acoelomorpha not have?

A

NO excretory or respiratory system. Lack protonephridia

-Monoecious

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5
Q

What does the digestive system of Phylum Acoelomorpha have

A

mouth → tube-like pharynx→sack-like gut (incomplete)

No anus

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6
Q

In many acoels what are absent and has no

A

the gut and pharynx are absent

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7
Q

What type of digestion does Acoelomorpha have

A

Intracellular digestion

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8
Q

Acoelomorphs lack a

A

true brain, Lack ganglion (mass of nerve cell bodies).

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9
Q

Diffuse system of anterior neurons connected to

A

radially arranged nerve cords,

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10
Q

What is :
crown of ciliated tentancles.
Efficient feeding device
Used for respiration

A

Lophophore

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11
Q

What does the Trochophore larva do?

A

free swimming, feeding, with ring of large cilated cells in front of mouth (prototroch).
Prototroch used in swimming and feeding.

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12
Q

In Lophotrochozoan Protostomes members (should) have in common either a

A

Lophophore or Trochophore larva.

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13
Q

Platyhelminthes lack a single unique character so they are NOT

A

monophyletic

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14
Q

Class Tubellaria are

A

polyphyletic.

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15
Q

In the Phylum Platyhelminthes which three classes are parasitic?

A

Trematoda, Monogenean and Cestoda

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16
Q

A. Ciliated ventral surface
B. Subtle muscular contraction
C. Dual-gland adhesive organs

A

Locomotion of Turbellaria

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17
Q

Locomotion of Turbellaria has what three parts?

A
  1. Paired viscid cells (glands)
    - produce adhesive secretions that
    attach anchor cells to substratum
  2. Anchor cells
    - bear strain of attachment & allow
    subtle muscular contractions to pull the animal forward
    muscular contraction = pedal wave
  3. Releasing cell (gland)
    - secretes chemicals that release anchor cell attachment
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18
Q

what is a Protonephridium

A

an ‘inverted’ flagellated cell (flame cell) sitting in a ‘mesh cup’ (tubule end)

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19
Q

In osmoregulation the fluid is “ultra filtered” and modified and eliminated through what

A

nephridiopores

- Less important role as an excretory system (metabolic waste removal).

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20
Q

The nervous system has degrees of organization from a nerve plexus- how many nerve cords

A

nerve cords (1 – 3 pairs), with connecting nerves (ring commissures) forming a “ladder-type” pattern

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21
Q

What are the four parts of the nervous system?

A

Auricle, cerebral ganglion, nerve cord and ring commissures

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22
Q

Ocelli does what

A

light detection

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23
Q

Senses water flow

A

rheoreceptors

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24
Q

Statocyst are used for what

A

equilibrium

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25
Q

What are four characteristics of the class Turbellaria

A

Mostly free-living forms
Most are bottom dwellers in marine or freshwater
Freshwater planarians
Terrestrial flatworms limited to moist places

26
Q

Carnivorous and detect food by

A

chemoreceptors

27
Q

Planaria characteristics

A

-Food trapped in mucous secretions from glands and rhabdites
-Wrap themselves around prey
Extend the proboscis to suck up bits of food
Extracellular digestion completed by intracellular digestion.
Incomplete gut.

28
Q

What are the three main classes of parasitic Platyhelminths.

A

Trematoda (Digenea)
Monogenea
Cestoidea

29
Q

Most adults in Trematoda are

A

endoparasites of vertebrates

30
Q

What are four adaptations for parasitism in Trematoda

A
  • Penetration glands
  • Glands to produce cyst material
  • Hooks and suckers for adhesion
  • Increased reproductive capacity
31
Q

Which class has:
Most species dorsoventrally flattened
Usually leaf shaped
Covered by a syncytial tegument

A

Class Trematode Characteristics

32
Q

Traditionally placed in the Class Trematoda but now forms its own class
Mainly ectoparasites
simple life cycle.
Single host

A

Monogenean (fish flukes)

33
Q

What is also known as mammal flukes

A

Digenean Class

34
Q

The digestive system in Digenean adults is

A

either absent or rudimentary

35
Q

The excretory system in Digenea adults contains

A

ciliated cells (flame cells= protonephridia) extending into excretory tubules.

36
Q

Most species are hermaphroditic for what

A

Digenea adults

37
Q

How many stages are there in Digenean life cycle: Parasitic strategies

A

6

38
Q

The Digenea Life cycle has ___ developmental stages

A

5

39
Q

Digenea Life cycle has __ or more hosts. And which one is high and low

A
  1. first one is high, the second is low
40
Q

Digenea Life cycle: adulthood is reached only in

A

definitive* vertebrate host

definitive host is where sexual reproduction occurs

41
Q

Digenea Location:
Adults-
Larvae-
parasitic forms-

A

Adults- usually parasites of vertebrate animals

Larvae-may be free-living or infect vertebrates or invertebrates.

parasitic forms- enter their hosts via the digestive system or by penetration of the skin.

42
Q

Schistosome (blood flukes) are found in? and are agents of ____?

they have separate sexes

A

Found in veins, intestine and urinary bladder

Causative agents of schistosomiasis

43
Q

What is the Infective stage called in schistosomiasis

A

cercariae (larvae)

44
Q

What is swimmer’s itch?

A

Schistosome dermatitis -

when cercariae penetrate an unsuitable host (i.e. a human)

45
Q

In Monogena most fish are

A

ectoparasites

46
Q

some - found in urinary bladder, lower intestine of frogs and turtles.
in nature they cause little economic damage but can be very destructive in fish farming.

A

Monogena

47
Q

Monogena life cycle goes through: Direct development.

A

“Monogenea” = 1 generation. 1 egg = 1 adult

No intermediate hosts → Autoinfection - possible for some species.

48
Q

ciliated larvae, has eyespots, a rudimentary digestive system and an opisthaptor to attach to its new host.

A

Oncomiracidium

49
Q

Why is the Opisthaptor important?

A

because they are typically ectoparasites and need to hang onto hosts.

50
Q

What are the two hosts of Cestoda Tapeworms

A

definitive host - a vertebrate, (sexual reproduction)

intermediate hosts – either a vertebrate or an invertebrates.

51
Q

What is the morphology of the Class Cestoda Tapeworms

A

quite different in appearance from the other members of the Platyhelminthes.

dorso-ventrally flattened, tape-like bodies.
Lack a head and gut.

52
Q

What is is the general structure of an adult Class Cestoda Tapeworms

A

Segmented’ body

NB Not “true” segmentation

53
Q

attachment to their host
contains suckers and hooks
Remnant of posterior part of body.

A

scolex

54
Q

neck

A

zone of proliferation

- undifferentiated area behind the scolex

55
Q

a chain of many reproductive units (proglottids )

A

strobila

56
Q

immature proglottids - developing reproductive

A

mature proglottids: mature reproductive organs.

gravid proglottids: contain eggs in the uterus.

57
Q

Tegument

A
  • Cestodes, like trematodes and monogeneans, have no external motile cilia.
  • entire surface of cestodes is covered with small projections called microtriches similar to microvilli seen in the vertebrate small intestine.
58
Q

Larval Cestodes (Metacestodes) what is important to know

A

Most pathogenic stage

Result in economic loss

59
Q

What is a causative agent of Taeniasis in dogs, cats and humans, and cysticercosis in the mammalian intermediate host (IH)

A

Taenia spp

60
Q

What is the infective stage of the intestine of definitive host (DI) - adults

A

larvae (cysticercus/coenurus)

61
Q

What is the infective stage of In various tissues of IH (usually forms cysts) -

A

egg with oncosphere

62
Q

What can you get if you an ingest pork tapeworm

A

Cysticercosis

which commonly occurs in eyes or the brain blindness, serious neurological symptoms or death

Animals (9 decks)

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