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Gross Anatomy > flashcards_pleuraeandlungs > Flashcards

flashcards_pleuraeandlungs

1
Q

The portion of \n\nthat membrane covering the lungs is called the __ pleura

A

visceral

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2
Q

covering the inside of the adult thorax is the ___ pleura.

A

parietal

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3
Q

B. The space between the parietal and visceral layers of pleura is the

A

pleural cavity. \n

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4
Q

the surface tension of the ___ maintians the close association between lungs and thoracic wall

A

pleural fluid

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5
Q

surface tension of pleural fluid maintians

A

lung inflation

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6
Q

between the costal pleura and the diaphramgatic pleura is the

A

costiodiaphragmatic recess

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9
Q

Knowledge of the lines of ____, which delineate the entire extent of \n\nthe pleural cavity, is critical when evaluating a patient with a penetrating wound \n\nto the thorax. T

A

pleural reflection

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10
Q

The parietal pleura receives most of its innervation from branches of somatic \n\nsensory fibers contained within

A

intercostal nerves

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11
Q

types of fibers from the intercostal nerves that innervate the parietal pleura

A

somatic sensory

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12
Q

the phrenic nerve comes from

A

somatic snesory somatic motor sympathetic motor from c3 c4 c5

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13
Q

a lot of of the diaphramatic pleura receives soamtic snesory fibers from the

A

phrenic nerve

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14
Q

costal pleural is located

A

pleaura facing the thoracic wall

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15
Q

superior pleura

A

cervical pleura

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16
Q

pleura near the heart

A

medistinal pleura

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17
Q

____ inflammation of parietal pleura

A

pluersy

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18
Q

localized pain of throacoabdominal wall caused by

A

pleursy, inflammation of somatic sensory neurons in parietal pleura

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19
Q

two components of bronchial tree

A

conducting and respiratory portion

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20
Q

The conducting portion of the bronchial tree is solely for the \n

A

conduction of air

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21
Q

The respiratory portion of the bronchioles is specialized for \n

A

gas exchange

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22
Q

The Trachea \n\nContinuous with the

A

larynx

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23
Q

the trachea is a tube comprised of

A

hyaline \n\ncartilage and smooth muscle;

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24
Q

trachea bifurcates at the level of the ____\n\ninto right and left principal bronchi

A

sternal angle

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25
Q

division begtween the right and left principal bronchi after the trachea

A

carina

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26
Q

The right principal bronchus is ___ ___ and ____\n\nthan the left.

A

wider shorter more vertical

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27
Q

For this reason, foreign objects tend to be inhaled \n\ninto the ___ bronchus.

A

right

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28
Q

The left principal bronchus is longer and narrower than the right; \n\nit passes

A

in front of the descending \n\naorta and the esophagus.

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29
Q

The ____ bronchi are distributed to the lobes of the lungs.

A

secondary

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30
Q

right side secondary bronchi names

A

superior, middle, inferior

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31
Q

secondary bronchi on the left side

A

superior and inferior

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32
Q

The tertiary bronchi are features of the ___ bronchopulmonary \n\nsegments to which they are distributed.

A

10

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33
Q

The terminal bronchiole is the most distal \n\nbranch of the bronchial tree that is used solely for

A

conduction of \n\nair

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34
Q

the ____ bromnchiole is the beginning of the terminal ventilatory unit.

A

terminal

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35
Q

A ____ bronchiole is peripheral and distal to a terminal bronchiole

A

respiratory

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36
Q

A respiratory bronchiole is peripheral to a terminal bronchiole. It is \n\ncharacterized by the presence of

A

alveoli

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37
Q

____ the functional units of respiratory \n\nexchange

A

alveoli

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38
Q

there are approximately ____ alveoli in the normal lung

A

300 million

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39
Q

Alveolar ducts branch from _____; they consist of a \n\nseries of alveoli.

A

respiratory bronchioles

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40
Q

avelar sacs are a large circle of ____ forming a pocket of air

A

aveoli

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41
Q

type 1 avelolar epithelial cells are specialized for

A

gas exchange

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42
Q

type 2 avelolar epithelial cells produce

A

surficant

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43
Q

suficant produced by type II epithelial cells acts to

A

reduce surface tension at the blood air interface

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44
Q

___ rami are shorter when you are talking about intercostal nerve but the funcitonal components are the same

A

dorsal

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45
Q

from hilum of lungs, pulmonary arteries.. at secondary bronchi lobular arteries_ by tertiary bromnchi become segmental arteries which follow

A

tertiary bronchi into the susbtance of the lungs

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46
Q

Once at the levels of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and \n\nalveolar saccules, the minute vessels participate in the formation of ____ that surround each alveolus.

A

capillary \n\nplexi

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47
Q

At the level of the alveoli, half of the capillary plexus surrounding each alveolus \n\ncontains

A

oxygenated blood.

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48
Q

the capillary plexus colesce to form _____ which run in the connective sept between bronchopulmonarye segments

A

pulomnary veins

49
Q

the pulomnary veins colase so that by the time they reach the hilum of lung they split into

A

right and legft superior and right and left inerior pulmonary veins

50
Q

the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the ___ of the heart

A

left atrium

51
Q

the fibrication of the trachea occurs at the sternal angle of the

A

level of the second rib

52
Q

main goal of lymphatic drainage of lungs is to

A

capture extra fluid leaving capillary beds draining into interstital space in order to maintian conditions compatible with efficient oxygen, nutrient, waste exchange

53
Q

The lymphatic system is constructed to cleanse the interstitial fluid it \n\nsequesters; foreign material, dirt, and bacteria accumulate in lymph nodes, \n\nwhich serve as on line filters and often in lymph capillaries.

A

.

54
Q

Each lung has ___ and ____ lymphatic plexi.

A

superfieical and deep

55
Q

superficial lymphatic plexi are The tiny superficial lymphatics are located immediately beneath the \n\nvisceral pleura and usually are often visible upon initial inspection of the \n\nlungs in situ. The fluid that these vessels contain drains into the \n\n

A

bronchopulmonary (hilar) nodes.

56
Q

The lymph vessels of the deep plexi drain the substance of the lungs. \n\nThey run from the periphery, centrally, going first to the pulmonary \n\nnodes located near the origins of the tertiary bronchi and then to the hilar \n\nnodes.

A

.

57
Q

Efferent lymphatics from the bronchopulmonary nodes drain superiorly \n\nto the tracheobronchial and paratracheal nodes and ultimately into the \n\nbronchomediastinal lymph trunk.

A

.

58
Q

Enlarged lymph nodes associated with disease processes, such as carcinoma, often \n\nimpinge on adjacent structures producing symptoms that may alert the examining \n\nphysician to the presence of an otherwise

A

clinically silent condition.

59
Q

bronchogenic carcinoma, enlarged ____ often produce \n\ndistortion of the position of the trachea that may be visualized during \n\nbronchoscopy or on a radiograph.

A

tracheobronchial nodes

60
Q

Enlarged ____ or _____ \n\nnodes may obstruct the conducting portion of the airway, causing shortness of \n\nbreath and/or a chronic cough.

A

pulomonary and bracheopulmonary

61
Q

An increase in size and/or proliferation of \n\n____ nodes on the left side may compress the underlying recurrent \n\nlaryngeal nerve, causing noticeable change in voice quality.

A

bronchopulmonary

62
Q

The Pulmonary Plexus \n\nThis plexus consists of a mixture of ____ and _____ fibers that \n\nfollow the distribution of the bronchi and blood vessels.

A

visceral motor and visceral sensory

63
Q

vagus nerve is cranial nerve

A

10

64
Q

afferent snesory fibers of vagus nerve are distrubted to

A

Mucosae of the bronchi _ initiate cough reflex \n\nb. Muscles of the bronchi _ respond to stretch \n\n46

65
Q

autonomic nervous system is going to ____

A

viscera

66
Q

Arterial chemoreceptors, the ___ and ____ bodies, work in concert \n\nwith afferent vagal fibers by monitoring changes in arterial blood gas \n\ntensions and in the pH of the blood.

A

aortic and carotid

67
Q

Most of the pain associated with the lungs is transmitted by _____ fibers \n\ncontained within the intercostal and phrenic nerves that supply the parietal pleurae

A

somatic sensory

68
Q

pain associated by lungs is transmitted by

A

somatic sensory within intercostal and phrenic nerves that supply the parietal pleurae\nvisceral afferents from bronchi

69
Q

The apex of the lung extends into the root of the neck, projecting \n\napproximately an ___ above the medial aspect of the clavicle.

A

inch

70
Q

The anatomic base of the lung is the

A

diaphragmatic surface

71
Q

The clinical\n\nbase of the lung as the

A

lowermost aspect of its inferior lobe

72
Q

The root of the lung is comprised of a

A

primary bronchus, pulmonary \n\nvessels, bronchial vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.

73
Q

The ___ and ____ l surfaces of the lung meet to define its anterior \n\nborder

A

costal and mediastinal

74
Q

____ and ___ surfaces of the lung meet to define its anterior \n\nborde;l

A

costal and medistinal

75
Q

the cardiac notch is on the ____ side

A

left

77
Q

The round and wide posterior border lies on either side of the thoracic \n\nvertebral bodies. It is formed by the union of the

A

costal and mediastinal \n\nsurfaces posteriorly.

78
Q

The inferior border forms the margin of the diaphragmatic surface and \n\nseparates the latter from the

A

mediastinal and costal surfaces.

79
Q

The left and right lungs are divided into superior and inferior lobes by \n\n___ fissures.

A

OLIQUE

80
Q

the inferior lobes begin posterioyl between vertebrae

A

t2 and t4

81
Q

The superior and middle lobes of the right lung are divided by a \n\n____ fissure

A

horizontal

82
Q

the horizonstal fissure begins olique fissure and ends at the

A

fourth costal cartilage

83
Q

The superior lobe of the left lung is characterized by the ____, \n\nwhich is defined by a tongue-like projection of lung tissue, the lingula.

A

cardiac notch

84
Q

sharp stabbing pain specifically over shoulder

A

pluersy, specifically involving the somatic sensory fibers from phrenic nerve of c3 c4 c5

85
Q

drainage from deep plexi goes to the

A

pulmonary nodes at level of the tertairy bronchi then to hilar nodes then to trachobronchial and paratracheal then to bronchomedistinal lhymph

86
Q

nodes at level of the tertiary bronchi

A

pulmonary nodes

87
Q

lymph trunk that drains into subclavian and internal juglat

A

bronchomediastinal

88
Q

The apex of the lung extends into the root of the neck, projecting approximately an ___ above the medial aspect of the clavicle.

A

inch

89
Q

The anatomic base of the lung is the ___ surface.

A

diaphragmatic

90
Q

The clinical base of the lung as the

A

lowermost aspect of its inferior lobe.

91
Q

the hilum is at what spinal level

A

t5 to t7

92
Q

during inspiration, the vertical anteroposterior and transverse diamters increase as the results because of the

A

downward movement of diaphargm and upward movement of downward sloping ribs

93
Q

the contraction of a diaphragm produces

A

flattening

94
Q

causes of upward movement of downward sloping ribs is

A

fixation of 1st rib by anterior scalene and contraction of intercostal muscles

95
Q

what allows air to be drawn in through the nose trachea and laryna

A

increase in intrathoracic volume and decrease in thrathoracic pressure

96
Q

during expiration what relaxes

A

the diaphram and intercostal muscles

97
Q

what is responsible for expelling air from lungs

A

elastic recoil of lungs

98
Q

bronchoavleaolr development stage that occurs at 8-16 weeks

A

pseudoglandular

99
Q

bronchoavleaolr development stage that occurs at 17-26 weeks

A

canalcicular

100
Q

bronchoavleaolr development stage that occurs at 27 weeks to birth

A

terminal sac stage

101
Q

order of stages of the bronchoalveolar system

A

pseudoglandular stage, canacilular, termianl sac

102
Q

stage of prolific cell divion and devleopment of ducts of entire cinducting system

A

pseudoglandular

103
Q

stage where primitive alveoli and vascular chanels form and potential for functional relationship between type 1 epithelial cells and capillary beds where gas may take place

A

canaclicular stage

104
Q

why do infants during canalcilular stage have poor prognosis

A

insufficient number of functional aveoli, there is not enoguh surfacant which collapses the alveoli

105
Q

stage of bronchoalveolar devleopment where the primitive alveoli gradually increase and the capillary beds become well developed, type II epithetial cells produce surficant

A

terminal sac stage

106
Q

what stage of bronchoalveolar development are type ii epithelial cells able to make surfactant after the 35th week of gestation

A

terminal sac stage

107
Q

why are babies born during terminal sac stage at risk for chronic pulmonary disease

A

they are able to breath by the increase in o2 and pressure may compromise alveolar devleopment

108
Q

disease in infants where there is not enough surfacant because they are born during canalicular stage and ot later

A

hyaline membrane disease

109
Q

what fibers in the pulmonary plexus

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic motor fibers, visceral sensory fibers

110
Q

the pulmonary plexus follows the distribution of

A

bronchi and blood vessels

111
Q

parasympathetic motor fibers of the pulmonary plexus innervate

A

airways as bronchoconstrictors controlling amount of airand the secretions of mucus glands

112
Q

the sympathetic motor fibers of the pulmonary plexus are associated with the

A

bronchodilators since inhibit parasympathetic, vasoconstrictors, inhibit secretion of mucuous

113
Q

sympathetic motor fibers of pulmonary plexus are classified as what in terms to what they do to bronchi

A

bronchodilators

114
Q

afferent motor fibers fo vagus nerve are districubred to

A

bronchi mucose to initiate cough, muscles of bronchi to respond to streth, interalveolar sepate to prevent oeverexpansion of lungs, pulmonary arteries are pressoreceptors, and pulmonary veins as chemoreceptors

115
Q

what works together with vagus to monitor chanes in aterial blood gas tnesions and ph

A

aortic and carotid bodies

116
Q

what senses pain in the lungs

A

somatic sensory fibers within intercostal and phrenic nerves supplying parietal pleurae, also visceral afferent fibers from bronchi

117
Q

the pain detected by visceral afferent fibers of bronchi are referred over the

A

chest wall at t1-t5

Gross Anatomy (7 decks)

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