Flashcards for Exam

Question 1

Lesion technique

Answer 1

• actual physical damage to the brain
• the person Tan helped scientists discover that certain areas of the brain was important for language

Question 2

TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)

Answer 2

• temporary interference with a certain part of the brain
• ie) the person can still do the action but does not have fine control

Question 3

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Answer 3

• brain activity creates magnetic fields that are measured by electrodes
• can identify specific patterns of response to a given stimulus

Question 4

PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography Scan)

Answer 4

identifies active areas of brain by looking at (radioactive) glucose consumption (hot spots)
- areas of brain that are active light up

Question 5

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Answer 5

• like an x-ray; helps see structures by giving picture of brain
• can help us see structures like tumors

Question 6

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Answer 6

• watches activity of brain over time and associates it with behaviour

Question 7

3 Main Divisions of the Brain

Answer 7

1. Forebrain - sensory processing, higher reasoning, and endocrine structures
2. Midbrain - auditory and visual processing, motor movement
3. Hindbrain - autonomic function (respiratory rhythms and sleep patterns

Question 8

Forebrain structures

Answer 8

1. Thalamus - info relay station; all senses except smell pass through it
2. Basal ganglia - wrapped around thalamus; for motor control and learning
   - pathways:
   direct - excitatory effect on motor behaviour
   indirect - inhibitory effect on motor behaviour
3. Limbic system - behvioural and emotional responses
   - Amygdala: emotions and evaluations of threat (damaged - docile, stimulated - aggressive)
   - Hippocampus: forms memories
   - Hypothalamus: maintains homeostasis (major control center)
4. Cerebrum - divided into two hemispheres (each with four lobes) connected by corpus callosum
   - Frontal: movement and decision making
   - Parietal: somatosensory processing
   - Temporal: auditory and memory
   - Occipital: visual perception

Question 9

Hindbrain structures

Answer 9

Medulla - controls vital processes like heartbeat and breathing
Pons - controls sleep wake cycle
Cerebellum - balance and movement

Question 10

Ataxic Cerebral Palsey

Answer 10

• cerebellum is damaged; motor disorder

Question 11

Aphasia

Answer 11

• damage to Broca’s area (in frontal cortex - can’t produce words)
• damage to Wernicke’s area (in temporal lobe - can’t comprehend speech)

Question 12

Agnosia

Answer 12

• damage to specific sensory area
  ex. Prosopagnosia - inability to identify faces

Question 13

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 13

• death of ACh neurons in hippocampus and frontal cortex

Question 14

Unilateral Neglect Syndrome

Answer 14

• damage to cortex; issue of awareness on one side

Question 15

Split Brain

Answer 15

• corpus callosum severed; no communication between hemispheres

Question 16

Structures of Eye
Iris
Cornea
Pupil
Lens
Ciliary muscles
Retina
Optic nerve
Optic disc

Answer 16

Iris - gives colour & dilates/shrinks pupil
Cornea - transparent covering of eye
Pupil - hole in iris for light to enter
Lens - bends light (accomodation)
Ciliary muscles - changes lens shape for focus
Retina - contain photoreceptors
Optic nerve - transmits signals to visual cortex
Optic disc - blind spot; where optic nerve connects to retina

Question 17

Depth perception: Monocular cues

Answer 17

info of depth and distance from a single retina

Accomodation: lens changes shape to focus on near/dist. objects

Motion parallax: nearby objects seem to move faster than more distant
ones

Pictorial:
a. Interposition-object blocking the other is perceived as closer
b. relative size-assuming 2 objects of similar size; the smaller image is more distant
c. linear perspective-the more 2 parallel things converge, the further they seem to be
d. texture-close objects have more visible texture than distant objects
e. shading-use of light to see if object is coming toward/receding away
- light hits bottom: receding
- light hits top: approaching

Question 18

Depth perception: Binocular cues

Answer 18

info of depth and distance from both retina

Convergence: both eyes rotate inward to focus on object
Retinal disparity: diff. in image location of object seen by left and right eyes

Question 19

Sleep Stage 1-2

Answer 19

-non REM sleep
-irregular theta waves
-sleep spindles (brief bursts of activity 2-5 times/min.) and k complexes (bursts of activity once a min.) appear

Question 20

Sleep Stage 3-4

Answer 20

-non REM sleep
-called slow wave sleep
-slow, regular, high amplitude delta waves
-waves are biphasic: one period of neural inhibition and one period of excitation

Question 21

Sleep Stage 5

Answer 21

-REM sleep: Rapid Eye Movement sleep
-desynchronized beta waves
-body paralyzed, eyes move side to side
-time of dreams

Question 22

4 Types of Learning

Answer 22

Habituation - a decline in responsiveness after repeated presentations of a stimulus
Classical conditioning - an association between 2 stimuli
Operant conditioning - an association between a behaviour and a consequence
Observational learning - imitating someone else’s behaviour

Question 23

Classes of Forgetting: Comission

Answer 23

Misattribution - the remembered source of info is wrong
Suggestibility - info that was misremembered was suggested by outside source
Bias - memories changed based on influence of knowledge and beliefs
Persistence - recalling a memory that is unwanted (ex. PTSD)

Question 24

Classes of Forgetting: Omission

Answer 24

Absentmindedness - info was no encoded to begin with
Interference:
a. retroactive interference - new info interferes with old
b. proactive interference
- old info interferes with new
Blocking: whether or not he cues you have available are enough to help us remember a piece of info

Question 25

Darwin’s 3 Principle’s

Answer 25

Principle of Serviceable Habits - expressions develop as a useful habit and persist
Principle of Antithesis - opp. emotions have opp. bodily expressions
Principle of direct action of excited ns on body - emotions result in perceiveable changes in ns