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Biology > Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the levels of structural organization in order.

A

Chemical (atoms and molecules)
Cellular
Tissue (groups of similar cells)
Organ (two or more types of tissues)
Organ system (organs that work closely together)
Organismal (all the organ systems)

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2
Q

Describe the cell.

A
  1. the basic unit of life
  2. many types that differ in size, shape, and function
  3. all cells have some common structures and function
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3
Q

What are the three basic parts of a human cell?

A
  1. Plasma membrane - flexible outer boundary
  2. Cytoplasm - intracellular fluid containing organelles
  3. Nucleus - control center
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4
Q

Define Histology

A

The study of tissues

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5
Q

Define Tissues

A

a group of similar cells that work together to perform the same function

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6
Q

Name the 4 basic tissue types

A
  1. Nervous Tissue
  2. Muscle Tissue
  3. Epithelial Tissue
  4. Connective Tissue
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7
Q

Define Epithelial tissue and list the two types

A

a layer of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity and serves to protect, secrete, absorb, and filter

types: covering and lining epithelium
glandular epithelium

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8
Q

List the 6 epithelial functions

A
  1. Protection (mechanical, chemical, infection)
    e.g. skin
  2. Absorption e.g. G.I tract
  3. Filtration e.g. kidney
  4. Excretion e.g. kidney
  5. Secretion e.g. glands
  6. Sensory Reception e.g taste buds
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9
Q

List the 7 special structural characteristics of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Cellularity
  2. Specialized contacts (desmosomes & tight junctions)
  3. Polarity (from basal and apical surfaces; helps move substances across surface of cell)
  4. Basal lamina (noncellular, underlying supportive sheet for filtering and scaffolding)
  5. Supported by connective tissue
  6. Innervated but avascular
  7. High regenerative capacity
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10
Q

How are epithelial cells classified?

A
  1. Cell Shape
  2. Cell Layers
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11
Q

What are the different epithelial cell shapes?

A
  1. Squamous cells - flat, flat nucleus
  2. Cuboidal cells - boxlike, round nucleus
  3. Columnar cells - tall, nucleus elongated
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12
Q

What are the different cell layers?

A

Simple epithelia - single layer of cells
Stratified epithelia - two or more layers of cells

NOTE: in stratified epithelia, epithelia is classified by cell shape in Apical layer (cells facing the external environ. of internal organ)

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13
Q

List the 4 types of Simple epithelia

A
  1. Simple squamous epithelium
  2. Simple cuboidal epithelium
  3. Simple columnar epithelium
  4. Pseudostratified epithelium
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14
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

What: a single layer of squamous epithelia
Function: allows materials to pass through diffusion and filtration
Location: kidneys, lungs, heart

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15
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

What: single layer of cuboidal epithelia
Function: secretion and absorption
Location: kidney tubules, ovary’s

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16
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

What: single layer of columnar epithelia
Function: absorption, and secretion of other substances
Location: digestive tract

17
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

What: single layer of cells of differing heights
Function: secretion, and propulsion of mucus
Location: upper respiratory tract

18
Q

List the only type of stratified epithelial tissue.

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

What: thick membrane composed of several cell layers (can be of diff. cell shapes)
Function: protects underlying tissues that are subject to abrasion
Location: mouth, esophagus

19
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

What: a type of epithelial tissue involved in the production and release of secretory substances
Types: Endocrine Glands
Exocrine Glands

20
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Function: release hormones directly into the blood

21
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Function: release products into ducts (mucous, sweat, oil)
Types: unicellular
multicellular

22
Q

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

A

Classified by structure and type of secretion

Structure: Simple (unbranched ducts)
Compound glands (branched ducts)

Type of Secretion: Merocrine - most common, secretes products by exocytosis (ex. salivary glands)
Holocrine - accumulate products withing, and then rupture (*ONLY Sebaceous glands)
Apocrine - accumulates products within then apex pinches off

23
Q

Define Connective Tissue

A

Function: Support, protect, and bind other tissues
i.e) binding/support
protection
insulation
storage
transportation

5 Types:
- Mesenchyme
- CT proper (types: loose and dense)
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Blood

24
Q

Describe the structural elements of Connective tissue.

A
  1. Ground substance: interstitial fluid + cell adhesion proteins & proteoglycans (trap water)
  2. Fibers: collagen fibers: high tensile strength
    elastic fibers: allow stretch + recoil
    reticular fibers: fine network to support blood vessels and soft tissues
  3. Cells: immature (“blast”) forms vs mature (“cyte”) forms
    Others – fat cells, immune cells (WBC, mast cells, macrophages)
    *NOTE: CT is living cells surrounded by matrix; details vary by tissue type
25
Q

CT Proper: Loose connective tissue, areolar

A

What: Gel like matrix consisting of all 3 fiber types; cells, and some white blood cells
Function: wraps and cushions organs
Location: under epithelia of body, or around capillaries

26
Q

CT Proper: Loose connective tissue, adipose

A

What: matrix like areolar, but very sparse
(closely packed adipocytes have nucleus pushed to the side)
Function: food reserves, fuel, support
Location: under skin in subcutaneous layer,

27
Q

CT Proper: Loose connective tissue, reticular

A

What: Network of loose reticular fiber in loose ground substance
Function: Forms a soft internal skeleton that supports other cells
Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)

28
Q

CT Proper: Dense connective tissue, dense regular

A

What: primarily parallel collagen fibers
Function: attaches muscle to muscle, muscle to bone, or bone to bone
Location: tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

29
Q

CT Proper: Dense connective tissue, dense irregular

A

What: primarily irregular arranged collagen fibers
Function: withstand tension, and provide structural strength
Location: dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract

30
Q

CT Proper: Dense connective tissue, elastic

A

What: dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
Function: allows tissue to recoil after stretching
Location: walls of large arteries, within walls of bronchial tubes

31
Q

Cartilage

A

Type of Connective Tissue
- tough but flexible
- avascular
- no nerve fibers
- 80% water
- contain collagen fibers

32
Q

Bone

A

Type of Connective Tissue
- gives support and protection for softer tissue
- stores fat
- synthesizes blood cells

Types:
1. Osteoblasts: cells that produce bone tissue
2. Osteocytes: mature bone cell
3. Osteoclasts: cells that degrade bone tissue

33
Q

Blood

A

Type of Connective Tissue

Function: transport gases, nutrients, waste, and other substances
Location; within blood vessels

Types: Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells

Biology (4 decks)

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