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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Gram (+) cocci (clusters & singly) yellowish, smooth, butyrous, beta hemolytic on BA & CNA Catalase (+) Coagulase (+) very common pyogenic pathogen found on 20-40% normal people virulence factors-enterotoxins, TSST-1, exfoliative toxin, cytolytic toxin, Protein A, Hyaluronidase, associated with: skin & wound infections, pneumonia, UTIs, osteomyelitis, & septic arthritis, food poisoning, & scalded skin syndrome

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2
Q

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

A

Approx 50% of Staph aureus isolates are MRSA, has evolved an ability to survive treatment w/ beta-lactam antibiotics, resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, resistance to beta lactams is provided by the mecA gene, which synthesizes penicillin binding protein (PBP), usually treated with vancomycin, BBL CHROMagar MRSA medium permits the direct detection & ID of MRSA & produces mauve colored colonies, non-MRSA will be white, color-less or blue-green

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3
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

Gram (+) cocci (clusters & singly) white, smooth, butyrous, non-hemolytic on BA & CNA, Catalase (+) Coagulase (-) Novobiocin Sensitive (S) CNS-Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus, Formerly always considered non-pathogenic but now its significance must be evaluated on a case by case basis, infectious conditions- normal flora, contaminant, opportunistic, nosocomial UTI, heart valve infections, catheters & shunts, Antibiotic susceptibility-variable

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4
Q

Staphylococcus saphrophyticus

A

Gram (+) cocci, white smooth non-hemolytic on BA & CNA Catalase (+) Coagulase (-) Novobiocin Resistant (R) common cause of UTI in young women, generally susceptible to antibiotics

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5
Q

Micrococci

A

Gram (+) cocci in tetrads (larger than Staph) often bright-orange yellow colored colonies, non hemolytic, Catalase (+) Coagulase (-) Bacitracin Sensitive (S) occasional pathogen, usually isolated as normal flora or contaminant

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6
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

“Lancet shaped” Gram (+) diplococcic, alpha hemolytic, oily-wet (capsulated) to dry (non-capsulated) colonies, auto-hemolysis causes “cratered” colony, lack Lancefield antigens, susceptible to Optochin (>14mm) Bile soluble (+) common disease conditions: pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, normal flora Treated with: penicillin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, antibiotic susceptibility testing required!

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7
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Group A, Gram(+) cocci (chains) small, beta hemolytic colonies, Bacitracin (S) SXT (R) PYR (+), direct antigen tests common, infectious conditions- “strep throat”, wounds, pneumonia, glomerular nephritis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fasciitis susceptible to penicillin & erythromycin

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8
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

A

Group B, Gram(+) cocci (chains) beta/gamma hemolytic colonies, may require 48 hrs for beta hemolysis, Hippurate hydrolysis (+) CAMP(+) direct antigen tests from genital source (female) infectious conditions: neonatal meningitis & sepsis, puerperal fever (post partum infectious), pneumonia, susceptible to penicillin & aminoglycosides

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9
Q

Enterococcus

A

Group D Gram(+) cocci (pairs & chains) almost always gamma hemolytic Catalase- weakly(+) PYR(+) Bile esculin(+) 6.5% NaCl(+) normal flora in GI tract, infectious conditions, opportunistic UTI, resistant to many antibiotics, including penicillin & vancomycin, VRE- Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus successful treatment often requires synergistic relationship between penicillin & vancomycin

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10
Q

Streptococcus bovis

A

Group D, Gram(+) cocci (pairs & chains) heterogenous group, Bile esculin (+) 6.5% NaCl (-) gamma/alpha hemolytic, newborn sepsis/endocarditis susceptible to penicillin

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11
Q

Virdans Streptococci

A

Oval, Gram(+) cocci (chains) alpha/gamma/beta hemolytic (usually alpha) optochin resistant, rarely pathogenic, lacks Lancefield antigens, normal flora in upper respiratory & GI tract, susceptible to penicillin

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12
Q

Nutritionally Variant Streptococci

A

Pleomorphic, Gram (+) cocci very small colonies, require Vitamin B6 or cysteine for growth, growth may only occur near Staph aureus (satellitism) PYR(+) normal flora in oral cavity, occasional pathogen (endocarditis/otitis media) susceptible to penicillin

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13
Q

Candida albicans

A

Normal flora in oral cavity, genitourinary & GI tracts, most common pathogenic yeast: UTI, vaginal infections, respiratory infections, systemic infections in immunocompromised, white, dry, star-shaped colonies, Gram stain-large, oval, budding shapes, wet prep- large oval budding shapes, Germ tube(+) carbohydrate assimilation panels, direct antigen & enzyme tests

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14
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Common opportunist in immunocompromised (HIV) & CSF, common in bird droppings, especially pigeons Gram stain: large, oval, budding structures (no branching) India ink test (+) direct antigen tests & carbohydrate assimilation tests

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15
Q

Corynebacterium diptheria

A

Short, pleomorphic, Gram(+) rods, small, non-hemolytic colonies on BA, Catalase(+) methylene blue stain shows metachromatic granules, diphtheria-oropharyngeal inflammation, toxin production w/damage to heart valves & CNS, diptheroids- non pathogenic susceptible to penicillin

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16
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Short, Gram(+) rods, small beta hemolytic colonies, Catalase(+) non-spore forming facultative anaerobes “tumbling motility”, grows at low temps (cold enrichment) only pathogenic species pregnant women/fetuses/newborns are susceptible following consumption of contaminated meat products, ampicillin is primary antibiotic

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17
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

Slender, filamentous, Gram(+) rods, alpha hemolytic colonies, facultative anaerobe, non-motile, non-spore former, Catalase(-) H2S gas(+) common animal pathogen, human infectious associated with animal contact, cellulitis on hands/fingers, susceptible to penicillin

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18
Q

Garderella vaginalis

A

Gram variable coccobacilli, clear, non-hemolytic colonies on BA, beta-hemolytic on V agar & HBT agar, Catalase(-) Oxidase(-) Hippurate(+) normal flora in small amounts, vaginal discharge+clue cells+absence of normal flora whiff test: 10% KOH to vaginal discharage=fishy odor

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19
Q

Lactobacillus

A

Elongated, slender, Gram(+) rods, small, alpha hemolytic colonies, important component of female genital biota, Catalase(-) non-motile, non-spore forming, 80% facultative anaerobes, 20% obligative anaerobes, susceptible to penicillin (resistant to vancomycin)

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20
Q

Nocardia

A

Interwining, “string like” filamentous, Gram(+) rods, hard “chalky” colonies, slow growers require >48hrs for visibility, colonies smell like dirt, partially acid fast, associated with deep wound & pulmonary infections, susceptible to sulfonamides

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21
Q

Bacillus

A

Large heterogenous group of long “chunky” square-ended Gram(+) rods, large flat dry crusty colonies, Catalase(+) most species are non-pathogenic saprophytes usually seen as airborne contaminants, spore formers, resistant to environmental extremes “bamboo appearance”

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22
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

Large, Gram(+) rods, central spores, large beta-hemolytic “crusty colonies” Catalase(+), food poisoning following ingestion of spores, resistant to beta-lactams

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23
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

Large, square-ended “bamboo” Gram(+) rods, central spores, large “crusty” non-hemolytic colonies, facultative anaerobe, causative agent of anthrax, forms of infection: cutaneous, pulmonary, & GI presumptive ID from “string of pearls” test, usually large animal disease, susceptible to penicillin

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24
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Gram(-) diplococcic, phagocytized by PMNs, major STD, grayish “pearly colored” colonies, fastidious-doesn’t grow on BA or MAC, only on CHOC or CHOC based, capnophilic, sensitive to extreme temp & drying, wooden applicators may be toxic, Oxidase(+) ferments only glucose

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25
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A

Gram(-) diplococcic “pearly gray” colonies Biosafety Level 3, not fastidious good growth on BA, not MAC, larger faster growing colonies than GC, Oxidase(+) Carbohydrate utilization: glucose(+) maltose(+) can be found as NF in upper respiratory tract, or penetrate the CNS & cause meningitis, transmission: airborne droplets, susceptible to penicillin

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26
Q

Moraxella catharrhalis

A

Gram(-) diplococcic, grow well on BA & CHOC but not MAC, Oxidase(+) Butyrate esterase(+) infections: sinuses, ears, sputum, resistant to beta-lactams

27
Q

Haemophilus

A

Short, Gram(-) coccobacilli, “blood loving” upper respiratory biota, fastidious, grows only on CHOC agar, sensitive to temp & drying, may grow on BA if Staph aureus is present (satellitism) Oxidase(+) *be careful delayed reactions only @48 hrs, Catalase(+)

28
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Short, Gram(-) coccobacilli/ Pfeiffer’s bacillus, small, grayish-white colonies on CHOC agar, growth on CHOC agar but not BA is suggestive of H. flu, identified by X&V growth factor requirements, will grow in presence of both X&V factors, Satellitism around Staph aureus on BA is suggestive of H. flu, antigen typing is based upon polysaccharide capsule antigens, susceptible to ampicillin

29
Q

Pasteurella

A

Gram(-) coccobacilli, small non-hemolytic colonies on BA & CHOC agars, fastidious will not grow on MAC, facultative anaerobe, associated with domestic & wild animal bites & scratches, bipolar staining, Catalase(+) Oxidase(+) Indole(+) susceptible to penicillin

30
Q

Francisella

A

BSL3 Small weakly staining Gram(-) coccobacilli, fastidious, requires cysteine, grows only on enriched media, slow growing obligate aerobe, visible growth my require 48-72 hrs, Oxidase(-) Catalase(W+) transmitted by tick, flea, fly bites, & direct animal contact, skin ulcerations, respiratory infections lymph node infections

31
Q

Legionella

A

Very weakly staining, Gram(-) rods, extremely fastidious, will not grow on routine media, slow growing blue-green colonies on BCYE agar, transmitted by water aerosols, susceptible to erythromycin

32
Q

Brucella

A

BSL3 small weakly staining Gram(-) coccobacilli, very slow growing colonies on CHOC & BA (no growth on MAC) up to 3 wks for visible colonies/obligate anaerobe, Oxidase(+) Catalase(+) Urease(+) usually a disease of hoofed animals, human infections (undulant fever) associated with exposure to animals/animal products

33
Q

Bordetella

A

Small, gram(-) coccobacilli, very fastidious-require a special enriched/selective media for culture, Bordet-Genou agar, Regan-Loew agar, BCYE “mercury” or “pearl-like” colored colonies Bordetella pertussis Catalase(+) Oxidase(+) Whooping cough: respiratory infection with swollen epiglottis

34
Q

Urease

A

Presence of this bacterial enzyme produces ammonia, resulting increased pH turns the pH indicator (phenol red) red

35
Q

Decarboxylase tests

A

Removal of an amino group form these substances causes an alkaline pH, phenol red turns an orange-red color

36
Q

Hydrogen Sulfide gas (H2S)

A

Production of this substance interacts with iron salts to form a cloudy black color

37
Q

Oxidase

A

Addition of tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine monohydrochloride ALWAYS gives a (-) test result for enteric bacteria

38
Q

Indole

A

Test an organisms ability to metabolize tryptophane to this substance by the formation of a red color after the addition of Kovac’s reagent

39
Q

Carbohydrate Fermentation

A

pH indicator (brom-thymol-blue) turns yellow in an acidic environment

40
Q

Yersinia

A

Carbohydrate-mannitol
pH indicator- neutral red
H2S indicator- No

41
Q

Echerichia

A

Lactose fermenter, dry pink colonies on MAC, Indole(+), presumptive ID: dry pink colony+indole(+)= E. coli
metallic green sheen on EMB agar, only beta-hemolytic enteric on BA, GI tract biota, most common cause of UTIs, common cause of endogenous infections of other sites

42
Q

Hemorrhagic E. coli

A

O157:H7 stool cultures should include MAC/Sorbitol agar, STEC: Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli (produced by specific serotype) infections from food & water contaminated w/ cattle feces

43
Q

Klebsiella

A

Voges-Proskauer (VP+) produces acetyl methyl carbinol from dextrose), large mucoid “gooey” colonies on BA & CHOC agars, K. pneumoniae- common respiratory pathogen, K. oxytoca- indole(+) K. pnuemoniae indole(-) CRKP: Carbapenam Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

44
Q

Serratia

A

Serratia marcascens, most common isolate VP(+) some isolates have a red pigment on BA & CHOC grows well on bathroom floors and shower curtains association with urinary & respiratory tract infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septicemia, wound infections, eye infections, & meningitis

45
Q

Proteus

A

“swarmer” rapid motility that covers entire suface on non-inhibitory agars (BA & CHOC) approx 80% swarms, common UTI pathogen P. vulagaris indole(+) P. mirabilis indole(-)

46
Q

Yersinia

A

Yersinia pestis, short plump Gram(-) rods, bipolar staining with Wayson’s stain, causative agent of Bubonic Plague “black death” transmitted to humans by flea bites, “bubos” swollen lymph nodes, high fatality if untreated

47
Q

Salmonella

A

Enteric pathogen-diarrheal diseases in humans NF in some animals, ALWAYS pathogenic in humans transmitted to humans by fecal contaminated food/water, fever/diarrhea & abdominal cramps start at 12-72 hrs after infection S. bongori & S. enterica non lactose fermenter, TSI= K/A + H2S

48
Q

Shigella

A 
ALWAYS a pathogen/ Salmonella & Shigella common enterics, Shigella is a non-lactose fermenter, TSI=K/A abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, blood pus, mucous in stools, tenesmus, Feces/Flies/Fingers/Food 
Group A- S. dysenteraie (most severe)
Group B- S. flexneri
Group C- S. boydii
Group D- S. soneii (most common)
(Dirty Flies Bite Shit)
49
Q

Lactose Fermenters

A

E. coli, Enterobactor, Klebsiella

Slow lactose fermenters: Serratia, Citrobacter, Shigella soneii, Yersinia

50
Q

Non-motile

A

Shigella, Klebsiella, Yersinia

51
Q

H2S(+)

A

Proteus, Edwardsiella, Citrobacter, Salmonella

52
Q

VP(+)

A

Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia

53
Q

Urease(+)

A

Proteus, Providencia, Morganella, Klebsiella

54
Q

PD(+)

A

Proteus, Providencia, Morganella

55
Q

Citrate(+)

A

Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter, Providencia,

56
Q

Swarming motility

A

Proteus

57
Q

What makes an enteric?

A

Gram(-) rods, ferment glucose & acid production, reduces nitrates to nitrites, oxidase (-)

58
Q

Hektoen (HE)

A

Carbohydrates: lactose, sucrose, salicin
pH indicator: brom-thymol blue
H2S indicator: yes

59
Q

Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD)

A

Carbohydrate: lactose, sucrose, xylose
pH indicator: phenol red
H2S indicator: yes

60
Q

Salmonella-Shigella (SS)

A

Carbohydrate: lactose
pH indicator: neutral red
H2S indicator-yes

61
Q

MacConkey (MAC)

A

Carbohydrate-lactose
pH indicator- neutral red
H2S indicator- no

62
Q

Mac-Sorbitol (MAC/SORB)

A

Carabohydrates: sorbitol
pH indicator: neutral red
H2S indicator: no

63
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)

A

Carbohydrate: lactose
pH indicator: EMB
H2S indicator: no

Microbiology (6 decks)

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