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Zoology > Flash Exam > Flashcards

Flash Exam Flashcards

1
Q

symmetry

A

correspondence of size, shape of parts on opposite sides of median plane, like other features, has evolved

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2
Q

asymmetry

A

no symmetry, no planes divide into equal halves

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3
Q

spherical symmetry

A

•any plane through center divides body into mirrored halves
•suited for floating, rolling
•earth’s are aquatic
•some unicellular forms
•rare in animals
•protozoan—volvox

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4
Q

radial symmetry

A

(tire) divided into similar halves by 2 or more planes passing through longitudinal axis

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5
Q

biradial symmetry

A

•2 planes passing through longitudinal axis mirrored halves, usually sessile, freely floating, or weakly swimming animals
•no anterior or posterior end

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6
Q

sagittal plane

A

•two mirror portions (left and right)
•much better fitted for directional (forward) movement

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7
Q

cephalization

A

•concentration of nervous tissue & sense organs (head)
•advantageous to an animal moving through its environment head first
•most recent and successful

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8
Q

taxonomy

A

•formal system for naming & classifying species
•~1.5 million species of animals named
•probably less than 20% of extant animals and 1% of extinct

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9
Q

systematics

A

•broader science of classifying organisms based on similarity, biogeography, descent
•goals: to discover all species of animals, reconstruct their evolutionary relationships, to classify according to their evolutionary relationships

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10
Q

binomen

A

•Homo sapiens- “thinking man”
•Aedes albopictus- “white painted unpleasant”

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11
Q

3 domains

A

eukarya, achaea, bacteria

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12
Q

common descent

A

same pattern of ancestry

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13
Q

smallest distinct groupings

A

share patterns of ancestry and descent

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14
Q

reproductive community

A

•excluded members of other species distribution in space and time
•cosmopolitan: wide
•endemic: narrow

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15
Q

typological species concept

A

•pre-darwin, distinct, immutable entity
•a type specimen: labeled, deposited in a museum
•an ideal form- still have type specimen but variation is not considered deviation from type

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16
Q

biological species concept

A

•a species is a reproductive community of populations that occupies a specific niche in nature
•interbreeding central
•boundaries between species may be difficult to locate
•does not address asexual organisms

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17
Q

evolutionary species concept

A

•adds evolutionary time to the BSC
•a single lineage of ancestry-descendant populations that maintains its own identity from other such lineages and that has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate
•considers sexual, asexual, time

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18
Q

cohesion species concept

A

•the most inclusive population of individuals having the potential for phenotypic cohesion through intrinsic cohesion mechanisms
•definition includes genetic changes (gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection)

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19
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

•an irreducible (basal) grouping of organisms diagnosable distinct from other such groupings & within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent
•asexual, sexual
•phylogenetic species is the smallest single population lineage with no detectable branching

20
Q

systematics major goal

A

•infer the evolutionary tree (phylogeny) that relates all extant & extinct species
•organismal features that vary among species
•common: morphological, chromosomal, molecular
•less common: behavioral, ecological

21
Q

homology

A

•character similarly resulting from common ancestry
•similarity does not always reflect common ancestry
•fur in bats and mice

22
Q

homoplasy

A

•character similarity that misrepresents common descent (wings)… birds, bats, insect
•wings in birds and bats, thumbs in primates and pandas

23
Q

who proposed 3 domains

A

woese, kandler, and wheelis

24
Q

who proposed 5-kingdom system

A

R.H. Whittaker

25
Q

developmental patterns

A

•reflects evolutionary advantage
•all animals have a blastula (hollow ball) of cells during development
•can produce 3 layers

26
Q

3 layers of development

A

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

27
Q

ectoderm

A

epithelium and nervous system

28
Q

endoderm

A

epithelial lining of digestive tube, liver, and pharynx

29
Q

mesoderm

A

muscular system, reproductive system, peritoneum

30
Q

what animals are diploblastic?

A

ectoderm and endoderm

31
Q

what animals are triploblastic?

A

protostomes and deuterostomes

32
Q

lophophore

A

whirl of tentacles

33
Q

trochopore

A

larvae

34
Q

ecdysozoan

A

shedding of the cuticle

35
Q

protostome

A

mouth to anus

36
Q

deuterostome

A

anus to moth (humans)

37
Q

acoelomate

A

•no cavity
•flatworms

38
Q

pseudocoelom

A

•false coelom
•fluid-filled cavity around gut
•mesoderm lines outer side of blastocoel
•endoderm lines inner side

39
Q

coelom

A

•mesoderm lines both sides
•deuterostomes are truly coelomic

40
Q

choanoflagellates

A

•”sister” to animals, but different origin
•solitary or colonial aquatic
•each cell has flagellum surrounded by collar of microvilli
•flagella draws water in collar
•microvilli collect mostly bacteria
•strongly resemble sponge feeding cells

41
Q

phylum porifera

A

pore bearing, most marine

42
Q

asconoids

A

•flagellated spongocoels
•simplest form
•water enters a large cavity
•lined with choanocytes
•all calcarea= asconoids

43
Q

syconoids

A

•flagellated canals
•like asconoids, larger and thicker
•choanocyte-lined canals, empty into spongocoel
•class calcarea, hexactinellida

44
Q

leuconoids

A

•flagellated chambers
•most complex, larger, many ostia
•clusters of flagellated chambers
•increases surfaced compared to volume
•large sponges filter 1500 L water per day
•most sponges leuconoid

45
Q

choanocytes

A

•one end in mesohyl
•exposed end: flagellum surrounded by collar
•collar consist of microvilli filtering device to strain food
•particles too large for collar: trapped in mucous
•moved to choanocyte, phagocytized
•food engulfed by choanocytes is passed to archaeocytes for digestion

46
Q

archaeocytes

A

•free moving within mesohyl
•phagocytize particles
•can differentiate into any other type of cell
•sclerocytes secret spicules
•spongocytes secrete spongin
•collencytes secrete fibrillar collagen
•lophocytes secrete collagen

47
Q

pinacocytes

A

•form pinacoderm (inner layer cells)
•regulate water flow

Zoology (3 decks)

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