Exam 2 Flashcards by Kayden Frisk

what are some key characteristics of the Phylum Cnidaria?

•diploblastic
•shallow marine environments, some freshwater
•radial, biradial
•free-swimming medusae
•sessile polyps
•fossils date back to ~700 mya (pre-cambrian)
•9,000 species

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what are Cnidocytes?

contain nematocyst, stinging organelle; diploblastic

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Mesoglea (jelly) is:

extracellar matrix that lies between layers; 95% water

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in the Phylum Cnidaria tentacles _________ & muscles _________

•tentacles encircle mouth/oral region
•muscles extend, contract, bend, & pulse

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Phylum Cnidaria sense organs:

balance= statocysts
photosensitivity= ocelli

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what does the nerve net do in phylum cnidaria?

transmit nerve signal across synapse (unidirectional like us) or back (not like us)

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asexual reproduction in phylum cnidaria:

budding in polyps

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sexual reproduction in phylum cnidaria:

•by gametes of all medusae, some polyps
•monoecious or dioecious (separate sexes)

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phylum cnidaria lacks what 2 systems?

excretory & respiratory systems
acoelomate (lacks a coelom)

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phylum cnidaria- polyps:

•sedentary
•mouth leads to blind cavity
•colonial forms specialized for feeding, reproduction, or defense

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phylum cnidaria- medusa:

•bell or umbrella-shaped
•usually free-swimming
•mouth directed downward
•tentacles down from rim of umbrella
•dioecious (sexually)

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polyp development (cnidaria)

•zygote develops —> motile planula larva
•planula settles, metamorphoses into a polyp
•produce other polyps asexually
•polyps eventually produce a free-swimming medusa by asexual reproduction (budding or strobilation)

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Cnidaria: feeding and defense

•many are predators
•cnidocytes:
- produces > 20 types of cnidae
- one type = nematocyst
- tiny capsules, chitin-like material, coiled filament (barbed or spined), covered by operculum, tactile stimulation

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cnidaria:
after discharge _________ is absorbed and another develops

cnidocyte

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cnidaria feeding cycle:

water rushed into capsule
operculum opens, rapidly launched the filament
barbs inject poison into prey
prey moved to mouth

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describe the class hydrozoa

•most marine, colonial (polyp & medusa)
-hydra is atypical
-obelia is typical
•typical hydroid has a base, a stalk, less than or equal to 1 terminal zooids

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what is a stolon?

root like structure

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what is hydrocauli?

tubes connecting individuals

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what is perisarc?

sheath of chitin around hydrocauli

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characteristics of hydra:

•freshwater
•worldwide
•feed on small crustaceans, insect larvae, & worms
•3 types of cnidae (catch, move, adhere prey)
•asexual reproduction by budding
•most dioecious (egg, sperm external)
•encysted zygota endure winter, young hatch in spring

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the sessile stage in the life cycle of cnidarians is?

polyp

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free-swimming stage that reproduced sexually in the life cycle of cnidarians is?

medusa

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the gill cover in bony fishes; keratinized plate in some snails is:

operculum

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stinging organelle in cnidarians is:

nematocyst

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sense organs of equilibrium; a fluid-filled cellular cyst containing one or more granules used to sense direction of gravity

statocyst

free-swimming, ciliated larval type of cnidarians

planula

what is a zooid?

individual polyp animal

the portion projecting from the oral side of a jelly medusa

manubrium

flaplike extension of the mouth of a scyphozoan medusa that aids in feeding

oral lobe

repeated linear budding of individuals, as in scyphozoan ephyrae, or sets of reproductive organs in tapeworms

strobilation

shelflike extension of the subumbrellar edge in cubozoans

velarium

the end of a cnidarian polyps bearing the mouth

oral disc

transverse plates of fused cilia

comb plates

comb jellies

ctenophores

region of an animal opposite the mouth

aboral pole

a simple eye or eyespot in many types of invertebrates

ocellus

tadpolelike juveniles of trematodes (flukes)

cercariae

pelagic means:

free swimming

evolutionary process by which specialization became localized in the head end of animals

cephalization

blastopore

mouth

lophotrochozoas are

larva with whorls of tentacles

neodermis

new skin

protonephrida

flame cell

rheoreceptors

sense direction of water currents

chemoreceptors

detect food in planaria

the host in which sexual reproduction of symbiont occurs

definitive/final host

organs in the epidermis of most turbellarians, with three cell types: viscid and releasing gland cells and anchor cells

dual gland

organism with both male and female functional reproductive organs

hermaphrodite

host in which some development of symbiont occurs, but no maturation or sexual reproduction

intermediate host

fluke juvenile that has lost its tail and become encysted

metacercariae

free swimming ciliated larva; larval stage in the life of flukes

miracidium

posterior attachment organ of a monogenetic trematode

opisthaptor

comb rows

equally spaced bands made of comb plates

unisexual reproduction involving the production of young by females not fertilized by males

parthenogenesis

the part of the digestive tract between the mouth cavity and the esophagus that is common to both digestive and respiratory tracts

pharynx

free-swimming helmet-shaped larva in nemertea

pilidium

tubular sucking or feeding organ with mouth at the end; muscular tube

proboscis

portion of a tapeworm containing a set of reproductive organs

proglottid

primitive osmoregulatory or excretory organ consisting of a tubule terminating internally; unit of a flame bulb system

protonephridia

larval stage in the life cycle of flukes

rediae

rodlike structure in cells of epidermis in turbellarians; discharged in mucous

rhabdites

the dorsal tubular cavity that contains the inverted proboscis

rhynchocoel

bears suckers and sometimes hooks in tapeworm

scolex

larval stage in the life cycle of flukes

sporocyst

chain of proglottids in tapeworm

strobila

similar to nerve net in cnidarians; specialization of neuron types (sensory, motor); longitudinal nerve cords lie under muscle layer

subepidermal nerve plexus

feeding device of ciliated tentacles

lophophore

diploid eggs that form diploid females; fertilized by males

amictic

haploid eggs of rotifers

mictic

ciliated crown

corona

shared opening; posterior chamber of digestive tract (bladder)

cloaca

protective, noncellular, organic layer secreted by external epidermis

cuticle

held together by muscles; large horseshoe-shaped lophophore

inarticulata (brachiopoda)

hinge with an interlocking tooth-and-socket arrangement

articulata (brachiopoda)

external chamber

ovicell

extend lophophores and filter feed

zooids

exoskeleton

zoecium

small or short fleshly stalk

pedical

embryos asexually reproduce

polyembryony

has rows of recurved spines; penetrate and may rupture hosts intestines

probiscis

secrete adhesive substance in rotifers

pedal glands

asexually produced by budding in ectoprocta

statoblasts

ring of cilia used for feeding and swimming in rotifers

trochal disks

jaws of rotifer

trophi

separate segments in annelids

septa

mesoderm arranged segmentally in longitudinal series in annelids

somite

body segments marked by circular groves

annuli

repetition of organs in segments

metamerism

tiny chitinous bristles; anchor segments in earthworms; help aquatic worms swim

setae

anterior to mouth

prostomium

bears mouth

peristomium

terminal portion bearing anus

pygidium

mesoderm; lines body wall & forms dorsal & central mesentries

peritoneum

coelom filled with fluid that contracts muscles in annelida

hydrostatic skeleton

alternate waves of contraction for burrowing

peristalsis

paired bundles of setae on most segments — crawling; anchor to tube

parapodia

errant polychaetes

predators/scavengers

sedentary polychaetes

consume particles

ciliated sensory puts that are provably chemoreceptive

nuchal organs

cerebral ganglia

concentration of nerves cells in the head

statocysts in annelids (polychaeta)

some burrowing/tube-building used to orient body

ring of secretory cells found in a band around the body

clitellum

short anterior forepart, long slender trunk, and a small, segmented opisthosoma

body of a siboglinidae (annelida)

early larva in polychaeta

trochophore

in clitellata young develop inside of what?

a cocoon secreted by clitellum

annelids blood contains colorless ameboid cells and a dissolved respiratory pigment called

hemoglobin

protective covering of a resting or developmental stage in annelids

cocoon

in annelida the ______ is well developed and divided by septa; filled with fluid as hydrostatic skeleton (except leeches)

coelom

dorsal and ventral ______ are formed by perutoneum inside coelom (annelida)

mesentries

in annelids the epithelium secretes outer transparent, moist ______

cuticle

organs of secretion; pair in each segment except first three and last one

metanephridia

feather like structure extending from head of sedentary polychaetes; used in feeding in suspended particles

radiole

in hirudinea, there’s a anterior and a posterior ____

sucker

segments of clitellata

segments variable; few setae per segment

segments of hirudinida

fixed number of segments (normally 34; 15 or 27 in some) with many annuli

segments in annelida can be determined by:

annuli, metamerism, and septa

space between mantle and body wall (houses gills or lung)

mantle cavity

secretes the shell over the visceral mass

mantle

attachment to substratum or locomotion -siphon jet of squids (modified) -attachment disc (limpets): secrete mucous -hatchet foot of clams: burrowing

foot

a rasping, tongue-like organ unique to molluscs

radula

in mollusca what secreted by mantle layers?

the shell

outer layer of shell composed of conchiolin

periostracum

intermediate free-swimming larval stage in molluscs

veligar

nacreous layer

inner layer of shell

prismatic layer

middle layer of shell

gills in mantle cavity

ctenidia

photosensitive structures like eyes (polyplacophora)

esthetes

“bearer of many plates”

chitons

larvae into juveniles (polyplacophora)

trocophore

smallest and oldest whorl

apex

covers shell aperture (not all) in gastropoda

operculum

developmental process that changes the relative position of the shell, digestive tract, anus, nerves in the digestive tract, and mantle cavity

torsion (developmental)

in gastropoda venom is a ____

conotoxin

living young hatch from eggs within mother

ovoviviparous

the mantle and mantle cavity are inside of what?

visceral mass

one of the two shells of a bivalve mollusk

valve

Exam 2 Flashcards

(136 cards)