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Zoology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are some key characteristics of the Phylum Cnidaria?

A

•diploblastic
•shallow marine environments, some freshwater
•radial, biradial
•free-swimming medusae
•sessile polyps
•fossils date back to ~700 mya (pre-cambrian)
•9,000 species

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2
Q

what are Cnidocytes?

A

contain nematocyst, stinging organelle; diploblastic

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3
Q

Mesoglea (jelly) is:

A

extracellar matrix that lies between layers; 95% water

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4
Q

in the Phylum Cnidaria tentacles _________ & muscles _________

A

•tentacles encircle mouth/oral region
•muscles extend, contract, bend, & pulse

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5
Q

Phylum Cnidaria sense organs:

A

balance= statocysts
photosensitivity= ocelli

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6
Q

what does the nerve net do in phylum cnidaria?

A

transmit nerve signal across synapse (unidirectional like us) or back (not like us)

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7
Q

asexual reproduction in phylum cnidaria:

A

budding in polyps

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8
Q

sexual reproduction in phylum cnidaria:

A

•by gametes of all medusae, some polyps
•monoecious or dioecious (separate sexes)

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9
Q

phylum cnidaria lacks what 2 systems?

A

excretory & respiratory systems
acoelomate (lacks a coelom)

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10
Q

phylum cnidaria- polyps:

A

•sedentary
•mouth leads to blind cavity
•colonial forms specialized for feeding, reproduction, or defense

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11
Q

phylum cnidaria- medusa:

A

•bell or umbrella-shaped
•usually free-swimming
•mouth directed downward
•tentacles down from rim of umbrella
•dioecious (sexually)

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12
Q

polyp development (cnidaria)

A

•zygote develops —> motile planula larva
•planula settles, metamorphoses into a polyp
•produce other polyps asexually
•polyps eventually produce a free-swimming medusa by asexual reproduction (budding or strobilation)

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13
Q

Cnidaria: feeding and defense

A

•many are predators
•cnidocytes:
- produces > 20 types of cnidae
- one type = nematocyst
- tiny capsules, chitin-like material, coiled filament (barbed or spined), covered by operculum, tactile stimulation

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14
Q

cnidaria:
after discharge _________ is absorbed and another develops

A

cnidocyte

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15
Q

cnidaria feeding cycle:

A
  1. water rushed into capsule
  2. operculum opens, rapidly launched the filament
  3. barbs inject poison into prey
  4. prey moved to mouth
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16
Q

describe the class hydrozoa

A

•most marine, colonial (polyp & medusa)
-hydra is atypical
-obelia is typical
•typical hydroid has a base, a stalk, less than or equal to 1 terminal zooids

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17
Q

what is a stolon?

A

root like structure

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18
Q

what is hydrocauli?

A

tubes connecting individuals

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19
Q

what is perisarc?

A

sheath of chitin around hydrocauli

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20
Q

characteristics of hydra:

A

•freshwater
•worldwide
•feed on small crustaceans, insect larvae, & worms
•3 types of cnidae (catch, move, adhere prey)
•asexual reproduction by budding
•most dioecious (egg, sperm external)
•encysted zygota endure winter, young hatch in spring

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21
Q

the sessile stage in the life cycle of cnidarians is?

A

polyp

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22
Q

free-swimming stage that reproduced sexually in the life cycle of cnidarians is?

A

medusa

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23
Q

the gill cover in bony fishes; keratinized plate in some snails is:

A

operculum

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24
Q

stinging organelle in cnidarians is:

A

nematocyst

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25
Q

sense organs of equilibrium; a fluid-filled cellular cyst containing one or more granules used to sense direction of gravity

A

statocyst

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26
Q

free-swimming, ciliated larval type of cnidarians

A

planula

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27
Q

what is a zooid?

A

individual polyp animal

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28
Q

the portion projecting from the oral side of a jelly medusa

A

manubrium

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29
Q

flaplike extension of the mouth of a scyphozoan medusa that aids in feeding

A

oral lobe

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30
Q

repeated linear budding of individuals, as in scyphozoan ephyrae, or sets of reproductive organs in tapeworms

A

strobilation

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31
Q

shelflike extension of the subumbrellar edge in cubozoans

A

velarium

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32
Q

the end of a cnidarian polyps bearing the mouth

A

oral disc

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33
Q

transverse plates of fused cilia

A

comb plates

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34
Q

comb jellies

A

ctenophores

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35
Q

region of an animal opposite the mouth

A

aboral pole

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36
Q

a simple eye or eyespot in many types of invertebrates

A

ocellus

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37
Q

tadpolelike juveniles of trematodes (flukes)

A

cercariae

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38
Q

pelagic means:

A

free swimming

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39
Q

evolutionary process by which specialization became localized in the head end of animals

A

cephalization

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40
Q

blastopore

A

mouth

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41
Q

lophotrochozoas are

A

larva with whorls of tentacles

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42
Q

neodermis

A

new skin

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43
Q

protonephrida

A

flame cell

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44
Q

rheoreceptors

A

sense direction of water currents

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45
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect food in planaria

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46
Q

the host in which sexual reproduction of symbiont occurs

A

definitive/final host

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47
Q

organs in the epidermis of most turbellarians, with three cell types: viscid and releasing gland cells and anchor cells

A

dual gland

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48
Q

organism with both male and female functional reproductive organs

A

hermaphrodite

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49
Q

host in which some development of symbiont occurs, but no maturation or sexual reproduction

A

intermediate host

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50
Q

fluke juvenile that has lost its tail and become encysted

A

metacercariae

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51
Q

free swimming ciliated larva; larval stage in the life of flukes

A

miracidium

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52
Q

posterior attachment organ of a monogenetic trematode

A

opisthaptor

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53
Q

comb rows

A

equally spaced bands made of comb plates

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54
Q

unisexual reproduction involving the production of young by females not fertilized by males

A

parthenogenesis

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55
Q

the part of the digestive tract between the mouth cavity and the esophagus that is common to both digestive and respiratory tracts

A

pharynx

56
Q

free-swimming helmet-shaped larva in nemertea

A

pilidium

57
Q

tubular sucking or feeding organ with mouth at the end; muscular tube

A

proboscis

58
Q

portion of a tapeworm containing a set of reproductive organs

A

proglottid

59
Q

primitive osmoregulatory or excretory organ consisting of a tubule terminating internally; unit of a flame bulb system

A

protonephridia

60
Q

larval stage in the life cycle of flukes

A

rediae

61
Q

rodlike structure in cells of epidermis in turbellarians; discharged in mucous

A

rhabdites

62
Q

the dorsal tubular cavity that contains the inverted proboscis

A

rhynchocoel

63
Q

bears suckers and sometimes hooks in tapeworm

A

scolex

64
Q

larval stage in the life cycle of flukes

A

sporocyst

65
Q

chain of proglottids in tapeworm

A

strobila

66
Q

similar to nerve net in cnidarians; specialization of neuron types (sensory, motor); longitudinal nerve cords lie under muscle layer

A

subepidermal nerve plexus

67
Q

feeding device of ciliated tentacles

A

lophophore

68
Q

diploid eggs that form diploid females; fertilized by males

A

amictic

69
Q

haploid eggs of rotifers

A

mictic

70
Q

ciliated crown

A

corona

71
Q

shared opening; posterior chamber of digestive tract (bladder)

A

cloaca

72
Q

protective, noncellular, organic layer secreted by external epidermis

A

cuticle

73
Q

held together by muscles; large horseshoe-shaped lophophore

A

inarticulata (brachiopoda)

74
Q

hinge with an interlocking tooth-and-socket arrangement

A

articulata (brachiopoda)

75
Q

external chamber

A

ovicell

76
Q

extend lophophores and filter feed

A

zooids

77
Q

exoskeleton

A

zoecium

78
Q

small or short fleshly stalk

A

pedical

79
Q

embryos asexually reproduce

A

polyembryony

80
Q

has rows of recurved spines; penetrate and may rupture hosts intestines

A

probiscis

81
Q

secrete adhesive substance in rotifers

A

pedal glands

82
Q

asexually produced by budding in ectoprocta

A

statoblasts

83
Q

ring of cilia used for feeding and swimming in rotifers

A

trochal disks

84
Q

jaws of rotifer

A

trophi

85
Q

separate segments in annelids

A

septa

86
Q

mesoderm arranged segmentally in longitudinal series in annelids

A

somite

87
Q

body segments marked by circular groves

A

annuli

88
Q

repetition of organs in segments

A

metamerism

89
Q

tiny chitinous bristles; anchor segments in earthworms; help aquatic worms swim

A

setae

90
Q

anterior to mouth

A

prostomium

91
Q

bears mouth

A

peristomium

92
Q

terminal portion bearing anus

A

pygidium

93
Q

mesoderm; lines body wall & forms dorsal & central mesentries

A

peritoneum

94
Q

coelom filled with fluid that contracts muscles in annelida

A

hydrostatic skeleton

95
Q

alternate waves of contraction for burrowing

A

peristalsis

96
Q

paired bundles of setae on most segments — crawling; anchor to tube

A

parapodia

97
Q

errant polychaetes

A

predators/scavengers

98
Q

sedentary polychaetes

A

consume particles

99
Q

ciliated sensory puts that are provably chemoreceptive

A

nuchal organs

100
Q

cerebral ganglia

A

concentration of nerves cells in the head

101
Q

statocysts in annelids (polychaeta)

A

some burrowing/tube-building used to orient body

102
Q

ring of secretory cells found in a band around the body

A

clitellum

103
Q

short anterior forepart, long slender trunk, and a small, segmented opisthosoma

A

body of a siboglinidae (annelida)

104
Q

early larva in polychaeta

A

trochophore

105
Q

in clitellata young develop inside of what?

A

a cocoon secreted by clitellum

106
Q

annelids blood contains colorless ameboid cells and a dissolved respiratory pigment called

A

hemoglobin

107
Q

protective covering of a resting or developmental stage in annelids

A

cocoon

108
Q

in annelida the ______ is well developed and divided by septa; filled with fluid as hydrostatic skeleton (except leeches)

A

coelom

109
Q

dorsal and ventral ______ are formed by perutoneum inside coelom (annelida)

A

mesentries

110
Q

in annelids the epithelium secretes outer transparent, moist ______

A

cuticle

111
Q

organs of secretion; pair in each segment except first three and last one

A

metanephridia

112
Q

feather like structure extending from head of sedentary polychaetes; used in feeding in suspended particles

A

radiole

113
Q

in hirudinea, there’s a anterior and a posterior ____

A

sucker

114
Q

segments of clitellata

A

segments variable; few setae per segment

115
Q

segments of hirudinida

A

fixed number of segments (normally 34; 15 or 27 in some) with many annuli

116
Q

segments in annelida can be determined by:

A

annuli, metamerism, and septa

117
Q

space between mantle and body wall (houses gills or lung)

A

mantle cavity

118
Q

secretes the shell over the visceral mass

A

mantle

119
Q

attachment to substratum or locomotion
-siphon jet of squids (modified)
-attachment disc (limpets): secrete mucous
-hatchet foot of clams: burrowing

A

foot

120
Q

a rasping, tongue-like organ unique to molluscs

A

radula

121
Q

in mollusca what secreted by mantle layers?

A

the shell

122
Q

outer layer of shell composed of conchiolin

A

periostracum

123
Q

intermediate free-swimming larval stage in molluscs

A

veligar

124
Q

nacreous layer

A

inner layer of shell

125
Q

prismatic layer

A

middle layer of shell

126
Q

gills in mantle cavity

A

ctenidia

127
Q

photosensitive structures like eyes (polyplacophora)

A

esthetes

128
Q

“bearer of many plates”

A

chitons

129
Q

larvae into juveniles (polyplacophora)

A

trocophore

130
Q

smallest and oldest whorl

A

apex

131
Q

covers shell aperture (not all) in gastropoda

A

operculum

132
Q

developmental process that changes the relative position of the shell, digestive tract, anus, nerves in the digestive tract, and mantle cavity

A

torsion (developmental)

133
Q

in gastropoda venom is a ____

A

conotoxin

134
Q

living young hatch from eggs within mother

A

ovoviviparous

135
Q

the mantle and mantle cavity are inside of what?

A

visceral mass

136
Q

one of the two shells of a bivalve mollusk

A

valve

Zoology (3 decks)

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