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psychology > Flash Cards Unit 4.1 - 4.5 Social Psych and Personality > Flashcards

Flash Cards Unit 4.1 - 4.5 Social Psych and Personality

1
Q

Atrribution

A

way in which we explain the cause or causes of behavior

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2
Q

Dispositional attribution

A

assuming behavior is from person’s stable, enduring traits

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3
Q

Situational attribution

A

Behavior is caused by the situation

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4
Q

Explanatory style

A

predictable way of explaining the causes of events

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5
Q

Actor/Observer bias

A

tendency to attribute dispositional explanations when we observe others’ behaviors but attribute situational explanations when we explain our own

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6
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of dispositional factors

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7
Q

Self-serving bias

A

tendency to see oneself in a favorable light

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8
Q

Locus of Control

A

perception of where control over our life resides

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9
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

belief that leads to its own fulfillment

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10
Q

Social Norms

A

expectations and roles a society may have for its members in individual and social situations

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11
Q

Conformity

A

adjusting our behavior to match the behavior of those around us

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12
Q

Social influence theory

A

social pressure to behave or think in certain ways can be normative or informational

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13
Q

Normative social influence

A

trying to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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14
Q

Informational social influence

A

willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

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15
Q

obedience

A

COMPLYING WITH THE DIRECTIVES OF AN AUTHORITY FIGURE

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16
Q

Social facilitation

A

performing better in front of others

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17
Q

Social loafing

A

tendency to exert less effort when working with others, than if they were individually accountable

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18
Q

Deindividuation

A

loss of self awareness and self restraint when in a group setting (you feel passionate and anonymous)

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19
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

cognitive bias that causes people to overestimate how many others share their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors

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20
Q

Group polarization

A

strengthening of the prevailing inclinations through discussion with a like minded group

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21
Q

group think

A

desire for harmony in a group overrides realistic concerns or alternatives

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22
Q

social trap

A

conflicting parties get caught in destructive behavior by pursuing self-interest rather than the good of the group

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23
Q

Superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperation

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24
Q

Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologist

A

study how people perform in the workplace. Study best practices in management of work, relationships among people working together and how people feel about work

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25
burnout
emotional exhaustion, feelings of cynicism and detachment from one's work, and a reduced sense of personal accomplishment, typically resulting from prolonged exposure to high levels of stress in a job or situation
26
Bystander effect
tendency to be less likely to help or give aid if other people are around
27
Diffusion of responsibility
feeling less responsible when other people are around
28
altruism
selfless behavior
29
Social Debt
state of feeling obligated or indebted to others for social favors, support, or assistance received
30
Social Reciprocity norm
Individuals are more likely to help those who have helped them in the past, thereby creating a cycle of mutual assistance
31
Social-responsibility norm
people act in prosocial ways out of a sense of moral obligation to support those who are in need
32
Stereotype
generalized (often accurate but overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
33
Prejudice
comes from “prejudgement” = unjustifiable (& usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members.
34
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group of people
35
Implicit attitude
evaluation or feeling towards a person, object, or concept that occurs automatically and unconsciously
36
In-group Bias
tendency for individuals to favor and show preferential treatment towards members of their own social group (the "in-group")
37
Out-group homogeneity bias
“them” —individuals perceive members of a group they don't belong to (outgroup) as being more similar to each other than members of their own group (ingroup)
38
Ethnocentrism
tendency to judge other cultures based on the standards of one's own culture
39
Individualism
cultural orientation where individuals prioritize their own personal goals and needs over the needs of the group
40
Collectivism
cultural orientation where the needs and goals of the group are prioritized over the individual, emphasizing a strong sense of belonging, loyalty, and interdependence within a community or social group
41
Multiculturalism
coexistence of multiple cultures within a society, where different ethnic and cultural groups maintain their own identities while having equal status and access to power, essentially celebrating and valuing cultural diversity within a community
42
Confirmation bias
tendency to search for, interpret, and recall information in a way that confirms one's already existing beliefs or hypotheses
43
Belief perseverance
tendency for people to continue holding onto a belief even when presented with strong evidence that contradicts it
44
Cognitive dissonance
mental tension from our attitudes and actions not matching
45
Mere exposure effect
tendency for people to develop a preference for things simply because they are familiar with them, the more often someone is exposed to a stimulus, the more likely they are to like it
46
Elaborative likelihood model
people process persuasive information and change their attitudes in one of two main routes: the central route and the peripheral route
47
Central Route
individual is persuaded by carefully considering the content and logic of a message, relying on facts, evidence, and rational arguments.
48
Peripheral Route
individuals are influenced by superficial cues like the attractiveness of the source, the emotional tone of the message, or other external factors
49
Halo effect
a positive impression of someone in one area (like their appearance) leads to a positive overall perception of them
50
Foot-in-the-door
compliance technique where a person is first asked to agree to a small request, which then makes them more likely to agree to a larger, related request later on, based on the idea of maintaining consistency in their behavior
51
Door-in-the-face
compliance strategy where a person first makes a large, unreasonable request that is likely to be rejected, then immediately follows up with a smaller, more reasonable request
52
Psychodynamic theory of personality
unconscious forces determine behavior and influence personality
53
ego
conscious, mediates between the demands of the id and superego; operates on the reality principle
54
Id
unconscious desire to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle
55
Superego
internalized ideas and values that provide standards and judgement
56
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
57
Repression
reducing anxiety by blocking impulses or memories from consciousness. Underlies all other defense mechanisms
58
Regression
occurs when the ego seeks to reduce anxiety by reverting to an early period of psychological development.
59
Projection
anxiety-producing feelings are repressed and then placed onto another person.
60
Rationalization
excuses are created to justify or excuse an unacceptable impulse or behavior.
61
Displacement
shifting aggression to a more acceptable or less threatening object/person
62
Denial
Refusing to accept the reality of a situation, because doing so would produce unbearable anxiety
63
Psychodynamic Personality Psychologist
studies personality by focusing on unconscious drives, childhood experiences, and internal conflicts. Pioneered by Sigmund Freud
64
Projective tests
tests that attempt to reveal the contents of the unconscious issues in response to either an arbitrary or ambiguous shape or image.
65
Humanistic psychology
psychological perspective that focuses on the individual's potential for growth, self-actualization, and positive aspects of human nature, emphasizing the importance of personal experience, free will, and the conscious mind
66
Unconditional regard
acceptance and support of a client without judgment, regardless of their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
67
Self-actualizing tendency
the innate human drive to reach one's full potential and become the best version of oneself
68
Social-cognitive theory
emphasizes the dynamic interaction between an individual's thoughts, behaviors, and environment, highlighting the role of observational learning, self-efficacy, and reciprocal determinism in shaping human behavior.
69
Self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “Who am I”
70
Trait theories of personality
personality involves a set of enduring characteristics that lead to a typical response to stimuli. Traits are relatively stable over time and across situations
71
Self-esteem
one's’ feelings of self worth
72
Self-efficacy
one’s sense of competence and effectiveness High self-efficacy in school predicts school achievement
73
Social Comparison
perception of where control over our life resides
74
Relative Deprivation
Belief that people have the ability to control their lives, their choices, and the world.
75
persuasion
the study of how individuals are influenced to change their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors through various communication techniques
76
Just-world phenomenon
the tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve
77
Reaction formation
a defense mechanism in which people express the opposite of their true feelings, sometimes to an exaggerated extent
78
Sublimation
someone with anger issues may channel their aggressive urges into sports instead of lashing out at others physically or verbally
79
Reciprocal determinism
the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura which states that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment
80
Big Five theory of personality
describes personality in terms of five broad traits
81
Agreeableness
a personality trait that describes a person's ability to put others needs before their own
82
Openness to experience
a personality trait that describes a person's tendency to seek out new experiences and ideas
83
Extraversion
an aspect of a personality that is often characterized by expressive and outgoing patterns of behavior
84
Conscientiousness
the propensity to follow socially prescribed norms for impulse control, to be goal directed, to plan, and to be able to delay gratification
85
Emotional stability (neuroticism)
a person's ability to remain stable and balanced

psychology (3 decks)

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