5.3 - 5.5 Disorders and Treatments Flashcards
1
Q
Psychological disorder
A
syndrome (collection of symptoms) marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotional regulation or behavior
2
Q
Dysfunction
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interferes with normal everyday life
3
Q
Distress
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Pain and suffering that causes impairment (limits the ability to engage in activities of normal living
4
Q
Deviance
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behavior that violates social norms or cultural expectations
5
Q
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
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Published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA); a diagnostic manual specifically designed for mental health disorders in the United States
6
Q
International Classification of Diseases ICD-11
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Developed by the World Health Organization (WHO); an international standard for classifying diseases and health conditions worldwide
7
Q
Behavioral perspective
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theory that all behavior, whether adaptive or maladaptive, is learned through conditioning
8
Q
Psychodynamic perspective
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Freudian belief that all psychological problems or disorders stem from repressing past trauma, memories, or thoughts in the unconscious mind to avoid anxiety.
9
Q
Humanistic perspective
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belief that mental illness stems predominantly from issues involving low self-esteem, a poor self-concept, and the feelings and maladaptive behaviors that result from the inability to be one’s authentic self.
10
Q
Cognitive perspective
A
psychological disorders originate from illogical, irrational, or maladaptive thought processes.
11
Q
Evolutionary perspective
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some mental health conditions may have developed as ineffective reactions to environmental challenges or as unintended outcomes of beneficial traits over many generations.
12
Q
Sociocultural perspective
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emphasizes societal, group, and cultural influences in the individual’s environment
13
Q
Biological perspective
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medical approach; predisposes that psychological disorders have a biological origin.
14
Q
Biopsychosocial model
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integrated model that combines the biological (medical), psychological, and sociocultural models and is believed by professionals to be a more thorough approach to use when explaining, diagnosing, and treating psychological disorders.
15
Q
Diathesis-stress model
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recognizes a combination of biological and environmental causes of psychological disorders. Individuals who are genetically or neurobiologically predisposed to a psychological disorder may exhibit the disorder when exposed to environmental stressors that trigger characteristic symptoms of the disorder
16
Q
Eclectic Approach
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broad-based approach trusting a combination of established approaches to diagnose and treat individuals with psychiatric disorders.
17
Q
Neurodevelopmental disorders
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conditions associated with the central nervous system functioning - begin in the developmental period, from conception to adolescence
18
Q
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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neurodevelopmental disorder that leads to ongoing problems with paying attention or being overly impulsive, which affects everyday functioning and development
19
Q
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
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developmental condition characterized by repetitive behaviors and challenges with social communication and interaction.
20
Q
Anxiety Disorders
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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. DSM-5 outlines 12 anxiety disorders
21
Q
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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a mental health condition characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that can cause significant distress and interfere with daily life.
22
Q
Specific phobia
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anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.
23
Q
Acrophobia
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fear of heights
24
Q
Arachnophobia
A
fear of spiders
25
Agoraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, from which escape might be difficult
26
Panic disorder
anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack
27
Panic attack
acute or sudden and severe feeling of extreme anxiety or fear that something terrible will happen any minute
28
Ataque de nervios
“attack of nerves”, prevalent among people of Carribean or Iberian descent, including Hispanic populations, especially Puerto Ricans. Symptoms include trembling, shaking uncontrollably,uncontrolled crying, a feeling of heat rising from the chest to the head, and verbal and physical aggression. Usually brought about by a stressful event in the family. Unlike panic disorder, ADN does not involve fear
29
Social anxiety disorder
(social phobia) involves intense fear of being judged or watched by others. Causes people to become overwhelmed with anxiety and fear in social situations
30
Taijin kyofusho (TKS)
“the disorder of fear”, primarily affects people in Japan and Korea. Fear of offending or displeasing others by one’s appearance or bodily functions
31
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
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Obsessions
intrusive repetitive thoughts
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Compulsions
intrusive, repetitive behaviors intended to reduce obsessions
34
Hoarding disorder
accumulation of an excessive number of things that are stored in a disorganized manner, often resulting in clutter and unsafe living environments
35
Depressive disorders
marked by significant feelings of sadness, emptiness, fatigue, and irritability that are accompanied by sleep and thought disruptions that significantly affect daily functioning
36
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
unipolar depression, disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, 2 or more weeks with 5 or more symptoms of the following 9 symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
37
Persistent depressive disorders
depressed mood that has lasted for at least 2 years. Usually considered a milder form of depression, with no suicidal thoughts. Must experience 2 or more of the following symptoms for 2 years or more:
Poor appetite or overeating
Sleep disturbances
Fatigue
Low self-esteem
Poor concentration
Feelings of hopelessness
Lack of interest
38
Bipolar disorders
disorder in which a person alternates between extreme depressed and excited moods, that lead to disruptions in daily life
39
Mania
hyperactive, intensely high energy, elevated mood, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common, needing less sleep, rapid continuous speech in which one moves from one topic to another very quickly, which can be hard for others to follow
40
Bipolar I
mood disorder in which an individual has experienced at least one manic episodes as well as episodes of depression
41
Bipolar II
mood disorder in which an individual experiences episodes of hypomania as well as episodes of depression
42
Trauma and Stress-Related disorders
psychological problems that result from exposure to overwhelming traumatic events
43
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience
44
Schizophrenia
main schizophrenic spectrum disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and/or diminished. Inappropriate emotional expression
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Hallucinations
false perceptions that involve one or more of the senses.
46
Disorganized thinking or speech
manifest as speaking in ways such as speaking in a word salad.
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Word salad
stringing together words in nonsensical ways
48
Disorganized motor behavior
can be positive or negative, manifest as catatonia, either excitement or stupor
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Catatonia
disordered movement
50
Excitement
positive symptom, excess movement and energy
51
Chronic schizophrenia
symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten
52
Acute Schizophrenia
can begin at any age; frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event
53
Dissociative disorders
controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts and feelings.
54
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
55
Personality disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
56
Avoidant personality disorder
anxiety; fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes one to withdraw
57
Schizotypal personality disorder
eccentric or odd behaviors, such as emotionless disengagement
58
Borderline personality disorder
dramatic or impulsive behaviors, used to get attention
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Narcissistic personality disorder
self focused and self-inflating
60
Antisocial personality disorder
person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members; may be aggressive or ruthless or a clever con artist
61
Anorexia nervosa
eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
62
Bulimia nervosa
eating disorder in which a person’s binge-eating (usually of high calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting and/or excessive exercise
63
Exposure therapies
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid
64
Systematic desensitization
type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias
65
Aversion therapies
type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
66
Token economies
an operant conditioning procedure in which people can earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats
67
Cognitive-behavioral therapies
popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeated thinking) with behavioral therapy (changing behavior)
68
Rational-emotive therapy
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
69
Group therapy
therapy conducted with a groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction
70
Antianxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
71
Antipsychotic medications
used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
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Antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. Several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors – SSRI’s
73
Electroconvulsive therapy
biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
74
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
75
Psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
76
Lobotomy
a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
77
Delusions
a firmly held, false belief that is not aligned with reality, despite evidence to the contrary
78
Persecution
a delusion, or false belief, that one is being targeted, harassed, or harmed by others, often without any real basis
79
Grandeur
a type of delusion where someone has an inflated sense of their own importance, abilities, or status, often believing they are more successful, powerful, or talented than they are in reality
80
Negative symptoms
the absence or reduction of normal behaviors, emotions, or thoughts
81
Flat affect
the observable absence or significant reduction of emotional expression, characterized by a lack of typical facial expressions, monotone voice, and diminished body language, even in situations that would normally evoke strong emotional responses
82
Catatonic stupor
a state of marked immobility and seeming unawareness of surroundings, often characterized by a lack of movement and verbal response
83
Dopamine hypothesis
suggests that schizophrenia is linked to excessive dopamine activity or oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain, particularly in subcortical and limbic regions, contributing to positive symptoms
84
Dissociative amnesia
a disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, often related to traumatic or stressful events, that is beyond normal forgetting and cannot be attributed to a medical condition
85
Feeding and Eating Disorders
a persistent disturbance of eating patterns that leads to poor physical and/or psychological health
86
Cluster A
characterized by behaviors and thoughts that are considered "odd" or "eccentric," encompassing paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders
87
Paranoid personality disorder
a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others, leading to the belief that their motives are malevolent, without sufficient basis
88
Schizoid personality disorder
a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotional expression in interpersonal settings
89
Cluster B
characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors, encompassing antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders
90
Histronic personality disorder
excessive emotionality, attention-seeking behavior, and a tendency to be dramatic and theatrical, often with a need for constant validation and reassurance
91
Cluster C
characterized by anxious or fearful behaviors, encompassing avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
92
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, leading to inflexibility and difficulty in maintaining relationships
93
Psychotropic medication therapy
using drugs (psychotropic medications) to treat mental and emotional disorders by influencing brain function and regulating mood, cognition, and behavior
94
Nonmaleficence
the ethical principle that psychologists have a duty to avoid causing harm or inflicting unnecessary suffering on individuals
95
Fidelity
the extent to which a treatment or intervention is implemented as intended, encompassing both adherence to the planned procedures and the competence with which they are delivered
96
Integrity
the sense of fulfillment and acceptance of one's life, achieved during the final stage of development (old age), where individuals reflect on their lives and may develop a sense of satisfaction or despair
97
Respect for people’s rights and dignity
psychologists must uphold the inherent worth and value of all individuals, protecting their rights to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination
98
Psychodynamic therapies
focus on exploring unconscious processes, childhood experiences, and their influence on current behavior, aiming to foster self-awareness and insight
99
Free association
a psychoanalytic technique where a patient verbalizes whatever thoughts, words, or feelings come to mind without censorship, aiming to access unconscious materia
100
Dream interpretation
the process of assigning meaning to dreams, often based on Freudian psychoanalytic theory, which suggests dreams reveal unconscious thoughts and desires
101
Cognitive therapies
types of psychotherapy that focus on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors to improve emotional regulation and problem-solving skills
102
Cognitive restructuring
a therapeutic technique used in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to help individuals change their negative and unhelpful thought patterns
103
Fear hierarchies
a structured list, created with a therapist and client, that ranks feared stimuli from least to most anxiety-provoking, used in exposure therapy to gradually reduce fear and anxiety
104
Cognitive triad
refers to the three negative thought patterns (about oneself, the world, and the future) that contribute to depression
105
Applied behavior analysis
a scientific approach to understanding and modifying behavior, focusing on how learning occurs and how environmental factors influence actions through principles like positive reinforcement and data-driven strategies
106
Biofeedback
a technique that uses instruments to provide feedback on physiological responses (like heart rate or muscle tension) enabling individuals to learn to consciously control these functions, often for therapeutic or performance enhancement purposes
107
Dialectical behavior therapy
a form of evidence-based psychotherapy that focuses on helping individuals with emotional dysregulation and impulsive behaviors
108
Humanistic perspective
emphasizes an individual's inherent potential for growth, self-actualization, and positive development, focusing on free will and personal agency rather than determinism
109
Active listening
A communication technique used in counseling where the listener fully concentrates, understands, responds, and then remembers what is being said
110
Unconditional positive regard
a therapist's complete acceptance and support of a client, regardless of their thoughts, feelings, or actions
111
Individual therapy
a form of mental health treatment where a therapist works one-on-one with a client to address specific issues and promote personal growth and well-being
112
Hypnosis
a state of focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness where individuals are more susceptible to suggestions
113
Psychoactive medications
substances that cause changes in the normal activities of the central nervous system
114
Antidepressants
prescription medications used to treat depression and other mood disorders by influencing neurotransmitter activity in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine
115
Lithium
a mood-stabilizing medication, primarily used to treat bipolar disorder, which helps to balance mood swings and prevent episodes of mania and depression
116
Tardive dyskinesia
a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, rhythmic, and repetitive movements, often affecting the face, tongue, and limbs, and is a potential side effect of prolonged use of certain antipsychotic medications
117
Surgical or invasive interventions
a technique or procedure that involves physically entering the body or brain to gather data or manipulate specific areas
