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MTP 2 (Histopathology) > Fixation > Flashcards

Fixation Flashcards

1
Q

Defined as the killing, penetration and hardening of tissues

A

fixation

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2
Q

Fixation also be defined as the alteration of tissues by stabilizing _ so that tissues become resistant to further changes

A

protein

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3
Q

primary goal of fixation:

secondary goal of fixation:

A

primary: preserve
secondary: harden & protect

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4
Q

fixation methods
— done in microbiology to fix bacterial smears

A

heat fixation (physical method)

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5
Q

fixation methods
— fixing neurochemical substances in brain like acetylcholine

A

microwave technique (physical method)

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6
Q

fixation method
— immerse/subject/place the specimen in chemical fixatives

A

chemical method

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7
Q

use as holding solutions for tissues to be transported to frozen sections or kidney biopsies for special processing

A

isotonic solution

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8
Q

concentration for EM & immunoEM

A

3% glutaraldehyde for EM
0.25% glutaraldehyde for immunoEM

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9
Q

temperature range that will accelerate fixation

A

37-56 deg C

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10
Q

fixative for EM; required volume is _ the volume of the specimen because it’s quite expensive

A

Osmium tetroxide; 5-10x

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11
Q

Autopsy materials should be fixed as soon after death as possible. If not possible, body must be placed in a _

A

mortuary ref (temp 4degC)

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12
Q

Human Brain must undergo _ washing out of blood by using _

A

INTRAVASCULAR PERFUSION ; Ringer’s lactate

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13
Q

_ should not be dissected before they are fixed

A

Eyes

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14
Q

Hard tissues (cervix, uterine, fibroid etc) must undergo _ immersing specimen in _

A

LENDRUM’S METHOD ; 4% aqueous phenol for 1-3 days

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15
Q

preserves glycogen

A

picric acid (Brasil’s)

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16
Q

liver/spleen fixative

A

formalin but Zenker’s fluid is better

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17
Q

“All fixatives that are available are additive fixatives except _”

A

acetone
alcohol

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18
Q

fixative for brain tissue for the diagnosis of rabies

A

Carnoy’s & Acetone

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19
Q

fixative NOT compatible with kidney

A

bouin’s

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20
Q

water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid that freezes and solidifies at about 17°C.

A

glacial acetic acid

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21
Q

acetic acid major effect

A

precipitate dna, which is split off from nucleoprotein

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22
Q

Excellent for trichrome staining & tissue photography

A

mercuric chloride

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23
Q

mercuric chloride for pituitary gland, BM, liver & spleen

contains potassium dichromate & 40% formaldehyde

A

helly’s fluid (zenker’s formol)

24
Q

mercuric chloride for connective tissue & nuclei, liver & spleen

contains Glac Hac

A

zenker’s fluid

25
Q

used to wash out excess mercuric fixatives

A

alcoholic iodine

26
Q

mercuric fixatives leave

A

black mercury deposits

27
Q

fixative temperature for EM & histochemistry

fixation temperature using autotechnicon

A

0-4 °Celsius - EM & histochem

40°Celsius- autotechnicon

28
Q

fixative & temperature for rapid fixation of urgent biopsies

A

formalin @60deg C

29
Q

fixative & temperature for fixing tissues w TB

A

formalin @100 deg C

30
Q

slow down decomposition of tissue needs to be photographed and cannot be fixed immediately

A

refrigeration

31
Q

types of fixative according to:
i. mechanism of action

A

additive and non-additive

32
Q

types of fixative according to action

A

i. microanatomical
ii. cytological (cytoplasmic & nuclear)
iii. histochemical

33
Q

allows the general microscopic study of tissue structures without altering the structural pattern and normal intercellular relationship of tissues

A

microanatomical

34
Q

added to prevent precipitation of formaldehyde to white paraformaldehyde

A

10% methanol

35
Q

CNS tissues & post-mortem tissues

A

10% formol saline
(w/ NSS & sodium chloride)

36
Q

Tissues with iron pigments and elastic fibers

A

10% Neutral Buffered formalin
(NSS + sodium phosphate)

37
Q

formaldehyde for lipids, neutral phospholipids

A

formol corrosive/ formol sublimate

38
Q

used for:

fixing / preserving sputum specimen and MICROINCINERATION TECHNIQUE

A

Alcoholic formalin (Gendres)

39
Q

mercuric chloride for tumor skin biopsies

contains TCA, Glac Hac & formalin

A

Heidenhain’s Susa

40
Q

mercuric chloride for bone marrow

contains anhydrous sodium acetate

A

B5

41
Q

for carbohydrates

A

1-2% Chromic acid

42
Q

for lipids, mitochondria

A

Potassium dichromate (3%)

43
Q

mitochondria, RBC containing colloid tissues

A

Regaud’s (Moller’s)

44
Q

Rickettsiae & other bacteria, tissue necrosis

A

Orth’s fluid

45
Q

picric acid can act as

A
  • fixative
  • decal
  • stain
46
Q

picric acid remedy for yellow color stain (major drawback)

A

50-70% alcohol

in book:

saturated soln of lithium carbonate in 70% alcohol, water. —> 70% ethanol, sodium thiosulfate, water

47
Q

for embryos; pituitary biopsies & endometrial curettings

  • Not for kidney structures
  • Not compatible with feulgen’s (demonstrates DNA & RNA)
A

bouin’s (picric)

48
Q

for GIT biopsies & endocrine tissues

A

Hollande’s soln (picric)

49
Q

use as raw material in making shabu

A

acetone

50
Q

Causes: glycogen polarization

A

alcohol

51
Q

for fixing wet and dry smears, blood smears and BM tissues

A

methyl alcohol (100%)

52
Q

recommended for touch preparations

A

isopropyl (95%)

53
Q

for fixing chromosomes and lymph glands
- contains absolute alcohol, glacial HAC and chloroform

A

Carnoy’s

54
Q

classified both as nuclear (to preserve nuclear proteins) and histochemical fixative (can preserve musopolysaccharides)

A

newcomer’s

55
Q

CT mucins & umbilical cord

A

rossman’s

56
Q

used to fix myelin and peripheral nerves and for processing neurological tissues

A

osmium tetroxide

57
Q

solidifies @ about 17deg C

A

glacial acetic acid

MTP 2 (Histopathology) (7 decks)

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