Fitness Evaluation Flashcards
1
Q
How does caffeine influence resting and exercise HR?
A
↑/no Δ resting and exercise HR (quite variable)
2
Q
How does medication influence BP?
A
↑/no Δ/↓ (quite variable)
3
Q
- Who are distance run and/or walk tests suited for?
- Gender/age reccomendations for these tests?
- Relationship with cardiac episodes?
A
- Typically for clients who have been training for several weeks, who use running/falks walking as regular exercise. For clients who can run or walk briskly for either:
- 12 minutes
- 1.5 miles
- 1 mile
- Healthy men under 40, health women under 50
- Field tests cannot detect or control cardiac episodes b/c/ HR and BP not typically monitored.
4
Q
- What is % BW testing?
- How are results of %BW testing used?
- Who should it be used for? Who should it not be used for?
- What is maximum BW used in testing women/men?
A
- Submaxmimal srength testing that uses %BW to determine trial load, with goal of perfomring 12-15 reps with trial load.
- Results from %BW testing can be entered into 1RM predictive equations to predict 1RM and assign training loads based on these predictions.
- Best for untrainined/inexerpienced clients b/c loads based on BW are relatively light. Not good for experienced clients who have greater strength/BW ratio → underestimated trianing/trial load.
- Women = 140lb (64kg) || Men = 175lb (79kg)
5
Q
Using HR ranges, how should YMCA ergometer load be adjusted across the stages of the test
A
6
Q
- What is 1.5 mile run test, using what 3 variables?
- What equation is used?
- What is 1 mile run, when is it used, and how are its results used?
A
- Test that uses how long it takes to run 1.5 miles to estimate VO2 Max with regression equation using time, bodyweight, and gender
- VO2 max (ml • kg-1 • min-1) = 88.02-(0.1656 x Body Weight) - (2.76 x time + (3.716 x gender))
- Gender: 1 = male, 0 = female
- 1 mile run = test to estimate cardio endurance for children 6-17. Time compared to normative values, no equation needed.
7
Q
- What is power? What are 2 equations for power?
- What are 2 reasons why power assessments useful?
- What are 6 examples of power tests?
A
- Power is calculated with 2 equations
- Power = (force x distance)/time.
- Power = force x velocity
- (velocity = distance/time)
- Power assessments useful because
- Power output capacity = index of coordinated human movement, chronic function or dysfunction
- Power measurements account for neuromuscular subtleties that are often overlooked in other measures of raw force production.
- Power tests
- Vertical jump testStanding long jump
- Medicine Ball Throw
- 1RM Power Clean
- Wingate Anaerobic test (peak anaerobic power using 30 second cycler erg test)
- Margaria-Kalamen test (stair sprinting)
8
Q
How to use stopwatch for counting HR?
A
- If using stopwatch, and start stop watch simultaneously with first beat, count first beat as zero. If stopwatch is running, count first beat as 1. Count for 6, 10, 15, 30, or 60 seconds and multiply accordingly
9
Q
- What is YMCA cycle ergo test?
- What does it do?
- How many stages are there, how long does each stage last.
- When is test stopped?
- When should HR be recorded and how many times?
- What 2 non HR variables should be recorded @ end of each stage?
- When do you extend a stage and for how long?
- What is the initial workrate for YMCA cycle ergo test?
- How long should cool down last?
A
- YMCA = submaximal multi-stage cardiovascular endurance test.
- Progresses client to 85% predicted max HR test using 3-min stages of increasing work.
- There are 2-4 stages, lasting 3 minutes each
- Test stopped at 4th stage, or when client reaches 85% HR max
- Record 2 HR per each work rate, HR at final 15-30 seconds of stage
- Record BP and RPE @ end of each stage
- Extend stage by 1 minute if HR varies b/w 2 readings by more than 6 bpm
- Initial workrate = 150 kg · m · min–1
- At least 4 minute cooldown
10
Q
What is the difference between formative Norm-referenced and criterion-referenced standard, give pros and cons for each.
A
-
Norm-referenced: compare performance of individual against performance of others in a like category
- Uses percentiles to rank relative value score. 40% = better than 40% of people, worse than 60% of people
- Pros
- May help clients feel motivated as they climb the chart, improving their ranking
- Cons
- Doesn’t address health-related status of individual based on desirable health standards
-
Criterion-referenced standards: matched to healthy levels of fitness
- Examples: BMI, blood pressure, etc.
- Pros
- Provides reasonable estimate of level of fitness required for health and goals for most people to achieve improved health
- Cons
- Disagreement on exact level of performance that accurately reflects health standards
11
Q
- What is agility?
- What are 5 common agility tests?
A
- Agility = ability to change direction rapidly
- Speed + balance + coordination
- Agility tests
- Pro-agility
- T-Test
- Three-cone
- Edgren side
- Hexagon
12
Q
- How much should sphygmomanometer be inflated?
- How should it be deflated?
A
- Inflate to 160 mmHg or 20 mmHg above anticipated SBP
- At max inflation, release air pressure slowly @ 2-3 mmHg / second
13
Q
How does environmental temperature extremes impact HR?
How does cold enviorment impact older people?
A
- ↑ resting and exercise HR in extreme hot temps. variable in cold temps, dependent on body comp, acclimatization, and metabolism
- Cold temps (less than 25F) impact older people, stimulating sympathetic nervous system influencing cardiac work, total peripheral resistance, arterial pressure, myocardial contraction.
14
Q
Decribe general procedures for cycle ergometer testing, including:
- How to adust seat height in relation to knee angle @ maximal leg extension
- Pedaling cadance using metronome
- Wokrload/rate equation
A
- Adjust seat height so slight flexion @ knee joint (5°) @ maximal leg extension
- If metronome for cadence, set 2x cadence for 1 full rotation per 2 metronome beats.
- E.g. @ 100 = cadence of 50 RPM
- Workload = work rate = power output, measured in kilogram=meters per minute (kg x m x min-1) or watts
- Work rate (kg x m x min-1) = Resistance (kg) x Distance (m) x Cadence (rpm)
- Resistance = friction on flywheel
- Distance = distance flywheel travels during one pedal revolution
- Work rate (kg x m x min-1) = Resistance (kg) x Distance (m) x Cadence (rpm)
- Cadence = pedaling cadence
15
Q
What is most accurate way to measure weight?
How much do you round weight in kg and lb?
A
- Electronic scale or certified balance beam scale.
- Round to nearest 0.02 in kg and 1/4 lb
16
Q
Fill in the blank:
A
17
Q
- Define/describe formative evaluation
- Give examples of formative evaluations
- When should they be used?
- What are 3 reasons/benefits for using formative evaulations?
A
- Formative Evaluation = formal assessment with specified test protocol + subjective observations of PT. Used @ beginning and thoughout program to formulate plan.
- Flexibility, strength, endurance, muscular endurance, speed assessments
- Take place before program begins and periodically throughout training period.
- Benefits = Allow PT to
- Formulate/plan program
- Give feedback
- Make modifications to program while in progress
18
Q
- Describe prone double straight-leg raise test.
- What does it measure?
- How is it conducted?
A
- Measure of low back muscular endurance and prediction of potential low back pain
- Client lays in prone position, hands under forehead, forearms Perpendicular to body.
- Client raises both legs to point of knee clearance
- Terminate test when client can no longer maintain knee clearance rom table.
19
Q
- How is %BW testing trial load calculated?
- What is appropriate warm up between WU and trial set?
- Appropriate rest time b/w Wu and assessment?
A
- Trial load = BW x the factor (%) rounded down to nearest 5lb. Perform test and adjust loads accordingly.
- WU = 1 set 10 reps @ ~50% trial load
- Rest = 1-3 minutes b/w WU and assessment
20
Q
What step in the test preperation process is the Selection of Facilitites and Varification of accuracy of equipment?
What are the 6 steps of selecting facilities and verifying accuracy of equipment?
A
- Step 3
- Identify that tests are easy to administer and are cost-effective
- Select appropriate equipment and confirm availability
- Calibrate equipment
- Provide testing atmosphere that is calm and relaxed
- Make sure assessment area is safe, clean, set up, and ready for testing
- Room temp (68-72°F and humidity 60%) Step 3
21
Q
What are 2 common errors when measuring HR?
A
- When using carotid artery: pushing too hard, can cause baroreceptors and carotid sinuses to sense increase pressure and tell medulla to ↓ HR in response to pressure ➔ artificially ↓ HR
- Using thumb b/c it has inherent pulse that may be confusing/confounding
22
Q
Identify subscapula skinfold site.
A
Diagonal fold on line coming from vertebral (medial) border 1-2 cm from inferior angle (bottommost point) of scapula
23
Q
How do medications impact HR?
A
↑/no Δ/↓ (quite variable)
24
Q
How does smoking and tobacco influence resting and exercise BP?
How can we mitigate these affects?
A
- ↑ Resting and exercise BP
- Avoid 30 minutes prior to testing
25
What is the correct testing order of 6 fitness tests for athletes?
1. Resting tests (HR, BP, height, weight, body comp)
2. Non-fatiguing tests (flexibility, vertical jump)
3. Agility (T-test)
4. Maximal power and strength tests (3RM, 1RM)
5. Sprint Tests (40 yard)
6. Local muscular endurance tests (1 minute sit up, push-up test)
7. Anaerobic capacity tests (300 yard shuttle run)
8. Maximal or submax aerobic capacity tests (1.5 mile run, YMCA cycle ergometer)
26
Identify Chest skin fold site.
Diagonal fold 1/2 distance between anterior axillary line (imaginary line extending from front of armpit downward) and nipple for men, 1/3 distance for women
27
1. Define and describe subjective observations.
2. Give examples of 5 types of of subjective observations
3. How are they useful?
1. Subjective observations = variable between evaluators
2. Exampels include
1. Posture
2. Gait
3. Exercise technique
4. Response to cardio exercise
5. Body language
3. Subjective observations provide immediate opportunities for educating, motivating, and modifying activities for client.
28
What are the percentile rank breakdowns for fitness testing?
* 0% to 20% = well below average or poor
* 21% to 40% = below average
* 41% to 60% = average
* 61% to 80% = above average
* 81% to 100% = well above average or excellent
29
* Describe basic overview and merits of:
1. Submaximal Cardiovascular Testing
2. Maximal cardiovascular testing
* What is Peak VO2 and why is it used?
1. Submaximal testing = testing that brings client to predeterimined % of predicted max HR.
* Used b/c safe
* Submaximal field tests provide valid and reliable estimations of VO2 Max
2. Maximal testing = testing that takes client to limits of HR and VO2 max
1. Not safe or necissary for many clients
2. Requires physician supervision for moderate and high risk clien
* When chronic disease/disabilities prevent individual from reaching VO2 max, Peak VO2 is used. Peak VO2 = highest level of VO2 client can reach before sympom-limited exhaustion is reached.
30
What are the 10 conditions for terminating fitness test?
1. Onset of _ or \_-like symptoms
2. _ in _ BP of \> _ mmHg from baseline BP despite increase in workload
3. _ in BP = SBP \> _ mmHg or \_\> 115 mmHg
4. Shortness of breath, wheezing, leg cramps, or \_
5. Signs of poor _ (e.g. \_, dizziness, pallor, \_, cold or clammy skin, or nausea)
6. Failure of HR to \_
7. Noticeable change in \_
8. Clients request to stop
9. Physical or verbal manifestations of \_
10. Failure of \_
1. Onset of angina or angina-like symptoms
2. Drop in Systolic BP of \> 10 mmHg from baseline, BP despite increase in workload
3. Excessive rise in BP = SBP \> 250 mmHg or DBP \> 115 mmHg
4. Shortness of breath, wheezing, leg cramps, or claudication
5. Signs of poor perfusion (e.g. ataxia, dizziness, pallor, cyanosis, cold or clammy skin, or nausea)
6. Failure of HR to rise with increase exercise intensity
7. Noticeable change in heart rhythm
8. Clients request to stop
9. Physical or verbal manifestations of severe fatigue
10. Failure of testing equipment
31
What 7 things should be included on a physician's referral form?
1. Description of fitness testing
2. Assessment of the individual’s functional capacity
3. Classification of ability to participate based on the evaluation
* Class 1 = presumably healthy without apparent heart disease, eligible to participate in unsupervised program
* Class 2 = presumably healthy with \> 1 risk factors for heart disease, eligible to participate in supervised program
* Class 3 = patient not eligible for this program, and a medically supervised program
4. Does patient have any preexisting medical/orthopedic conditions requiring continued or long-term medical treatment or follow-up
5. Identification of preexisting conditions that may be worsened by exercise
6. Prescribed medications
7. Fitness program recommendations
32
What 2 tools are used to measure height?
What is nearest unit of measurement used?
1. Standard platform scale with anthropometer arm
2. Flat rigid right angled device (to slide against wall and rest on top of client's crown)
* Round to nearest 1/4-1/2 inch
33
What are 9 CAD and PAD symptoms that require feferral to healthcare professional?
1. Pain, discomfort (or other anginal equivalent) in the chest, neck, jaw, arms, or other areas that may be due to ischemia (lack of blood flow)
2. Known heart murmur
3. Unusual fatigue or shortness of breath with usual activities
4. Shortness of breath at rest or with mild exertion
5. Orthopnea (the need to sit up to breathe comfortably) or paroxysmal (sudden, unexpected attack) nocturnal dyspnea (shortness of breath at night)
6. Dizziness or syncope (fainting)
7. Ankle edema (swelling, water retention)
8. Palpitations or tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
9. Intermittent claudication (calf cramping)
34
* What is Astrand-Rhyming Cycle Ergometer test?
* What pedaling cadence is used?
* Give starting work rate for:
* Men unconditioned
* Men conditioned
* Women unconditioned
* Women Conditioned
* When is first HR taken and how is work load adjusted based on HR reading?
* When are final HRs taken and how are they used?
* Single stage, submaximal cardiovascular endurance test. It lasts 6 minutes at constant work rate that keeps client HR above 120
* Cadence = 50 rpm
* Starting work rate:
* Men unconditioned 300 or 600 kg · m · min−1
* Men conditioned 600 or 900 kg · m · min−1
* Women unconditioned 300 or 450 kg · m · min−1
* Women Conditioned 450 or 600 kg · m · min−1
* Take first HR after 2 minutes
* If HR \< 120, ↑ resistance to next highest increment, or until HR ≥ 120 after 2 minutes riding @ constant range
* If HR ≥ 120, maintain selected work rate through test duration
* Take final HR at end of minutes 5 and 6. Average these HRs and use to estimate VO2 max in Liters/minute
35
* What is the most common and most accurate field technique for measuring BP?
* What equipment does it use?
* Sphygmomanometry, also called Cuff or auscultatory method, uses equipment to auscultate Korotkoff sounds
* Mercury or aneroid (no liquid) sphygmomanometer Air bladder-contianing cuff Stethescope
36
What are the 5 steps of the Pre-Assessment screening procedures
1. Initial interview
2. Execution of health appraisal tool
3. Completion of appropriate forms
4. Recommendations from physician regarding management of medical contraindications (when required)
5. Instruct client on pre-assessment protocols
37
# Define summative evaluation.
What do they summarize?
What assessments are used?
1. Summative Evaluation = final evaluation when client completes specified training period, class or season.
2. Summary of what was achieved during the specified training period. Sum total of what has been accomplished in given period.
3. Same assessments used at beginning and midpoint of exercise program should be used in final evaluation
38
What are 4 reasons for conducting fitness evaluation
1. Gather baseline data (strengths/weaknesses)
2. Provide basis for developing goals and effective exercise programs
3. Identify potential areas of injury
4. Reasonable starting points for intensities and volumes based on goals and fitness outcomes
39
What are shorter duration HR counts and when/why should they be used?
* Shorter duration HR counts (6, 10, 15 seconds) used during exercise and post exercise conditions
* More time efficient and more accurate representation of momentary HR due to immediate fluctuations that occur with changes in exercise intensity
40
Identify medial skinfold site
Have client place knee on bench with knee flexed @ 90 degrees.
On medial border, mark level of greatest calf girth.
Raise vertical skinfold on medial side of right calf 2 above mark, and measure the fold at maximal girth
41
What 3 environmental factors influence test validity and reliability and how?
1. Temperature and humidity:
* High temp/humidity inhibit thermoregulatory system from dissipating heat ➔ impeded physical endurance
2. Altitude
* Changes in altitude may require 9-12 days adaption prior to aerobic endurance assessments
3. Air Pollution
* Pollution decreases ability of blood to transport oxygen by increasing resistance in the airways and alters perception of effort for given task
42
Identify midaxilla skin fold site
Vertical fold on midaxillary line (imaginary line from middle of armpit downwards, dividing body into front and back halves) at level of xiphoid process (bottom of sternum)
43
Define content validity and give example.
* Content Validity = expert has determined that test covers all topics or abilities that it should.
* Example: Volleyball athlete should be tested on more than jumping ability in order to cover all skills performed in that particular sport.
44
How does time of day impact HR?
* ↓ HR in morning
* ↑/no Δ in afternoon/evening
45
How does body position impact HR?
* ↓ HR when supine
* ↑ HR when going from supine to seated or standing
46
What is BIA?
How does it work and who is it acceptable for?
* Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis = measures amount of impedance or resistance to small painless electrical current passed through body between electrodes placed on ankle and wrist.
* Electricity passes through leaner clients with less resistance than those with more adipose tissue.
* Acceptable field technique to measure body composition in Caucasian men and women
47
What are the 2 types of strength and how are they calculated?
Absolute strength = raw strength score. E.g. 1RM bench max
Relative strength = strength relative to BW. E.g. 1RM bench max / BW
48
1. What is 12 minute Run/walk test and what does it measure?
2. What euipment is needed?
3. What equation is used?
1. Field test that uses distance travel in 12 minutes to calculate VO2 max via regression equation.
2. 400 meter track with distances measured to allow distances to be easily measured and multiplied
3. VO2 max (ml • kg-1 • min-1) = (0.0268 x Distance traveled in 12 minutes) - 11.3
49
Describe the process for 1RM Bench testing. Detail sets 1-5 including:
Warm up sets (number of warm up sets, load, reps, rest)
How many trial sets should 1RM test take?
Increase/decrease in load?
What 2 forms is 1RM recorded in and how are they calculated?
1. **FIRST SET = WARM UP** warm up 5-10 reps using light/moderate load
2. 1 minute rest
3. **SECOND SET = WARM UP** Estimate warm-up load that will allow 3-5 reps by adding 60-80% est. 1RM:
* Upper body ↑ 10-20 lb (4-9kg) or 5-10%
4. 2 minute recovery
5. **THIRD SET = CONSERVATIVE EST. 1RM** Estimate conservative near max load allow 2-3 reps by adding
* Upper body ↑ 10-20 lb (4-9kg) or 5-10%
6. 2-4 minute recovery following each attempt
7. Make load increase
* Upper body ↑ 10-20 lb (4-9kg) or 5-10%
8. **FOURTH SET = TRAIL SET: FIRST 1RM ATTEMPT**
9. **2-4 minute rest. If success, go to step 7. If Failed, decrease load per below and repeat step 8**
* Upper body ↓ 5-10 lb (2-4kg) or 2.5-5%
10. Continue ↑/↓ Load until can complete 1 rep with proper technique. Ideally 1RM measured within 3 trial sets
11. Record 1RM as max weight lifted (absolute strength)
* Divide 1RM value by client bodyweight to determine relative strength
50
Describe how equipment factors effect reliability, validity and objectivity.
* Inaccurate tool = inaccurate results
* reliability, validity, and objectivity of assessment directly affected by accuracy of measurement tool.
51
List the corresponding %1RM for the following estimated number of repetitions.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20
52
What are the 5 steps of the test preparation process?
1. V\_ of \_
1. Client \_, professional e\_, relationship between _ and client \_and \_/\_
2. R\_ _ \_
1. Health \_, re\_, in\_ \_
3. S\_ and v\_ _ \_
1. E\_ and \_effective, _ equipment, t\_ and h\_
4. I\_
1. _ clients with s\_, d\_, h\_, ch\_, a\_
2. Explain _ for \_/\_ \_
5. P\_ \_
1. \_/\_ rec\_ \_/\_, dev\_ \_
1. Verify approrpaiteness of selected assessments?
1. Client goals, professional experience giving tests, relationship between tests and client goals and risks/benefits
2. Review safety considerations
1. Health screenings, referrals, informed consent
3. Select facility and verify equipment accuracy
1. Easy and cost effective, calebrate equipment, temperature and humidity
4. Instruct client on pre test protocols
1. Provide clients with pretest instructions, rest, diet, chemicals that affect HR, clothing
2. Explain conditions for starting/stopping tests
5. Prepare record keeping system
1. Creat/supply recording form/system, develop secure storage
53
Describe criterion-related validity uusing an example for context.
How is it used by PTs?
* Criterion-related Validity = extent to which test scores are associated with some other measure of the same ability
* E.g. using VO2 submax tests in place of VO2 max b/c they are statistically correlated tests on basis of certain assumptions
* Submaximal VO2 max and to use tests in field or fitness center, instead of tests only able to be performed in lab, because lab tests results and field tests results have statistically been compared with each other.
54
Define/describe test reliability.
How do you determine describe how to determine reliability
* Reliability = measure of repeatability or consistency of a test or observation
* To determine reliability:
* measure same trait under same conditions with no intervention before subsequent measurement performed.
* If results are same from one trial to another, test = reliable
55
1. What is sit and reach and what does it measure?
2. Describe YCMA sit and reach test
3. Describe box sit and reach test
1. Sit and reach test is used to measure hip and low back flexibility. It has limited ability to predict low back pain.
2. YMCA Sit and Reach Test =
1. Client straddles yard stick, with feet 10-12 inches apart
2. Zero point is set @ 15cm, client reaches as far forward as possible holding end position
3. Use best of 2 trials
3. Box-sit and reach test
1. Feet together, box typically has has a zeropoint of 26cm
56
What are longer duration HR counts and when/why should they be used?
Resting HR best assessed with longer HR counts (30 or 60 seconds) to reduce risk of miscounts and measurement error
57
What step in the test preparation process is Verifying Appropriateness of Selected Assessments?
What are the 3 steps of Verifying Appropriateness of selected assessments f?
* Step 1.
1. Identify and evaluate specific goals
2. Assess professional expertise associated with tests to determine appropriateness of current skill level to obtain accurate results
3. Evaluate characteristics of tests to determine concurrency with client goals and asses risk-to-benefit relationship Step 1
58
What step in the test preparation process is the Instruction of Client on Pre Assessment Protocol?
What are the 5 steps of instructing client on pre-assessment protocol? What step is this in the test prep process?
* Step 4
1. Provide clients with pretest instructions
* Adequate rest (6-8 h night before testing)
* Moderate food intake snack/light meal 2-4 hours prior to test
* Adequate hydration = 6-8 glasses water day before test; 2 cups (.5L) water 2 hours prior to test
2. Abstinence from chemicals that accelerate HR, excluding Rx meds
3. Proper attire
4. Specific testing procedures and expectations before during and after test
5. Conditions for terminating test (use 5-15 minute cool down period when possible)
59
What the the 5 steps of Test Preparation
1. V\_
* Client \_, professional e\_, relationship \_, and \_/\_
2. R\_
1. Health \_, r\_, i\_
3. S\_
1. E\_ and c\_, c\_, t\_ and h\_
4. I\_
1. Provide\_, r\_, d\_, ch\_, a\_
2. Explain\_ \_/\_
5. \_
1. C\_/\_ rec\_ \_/s\_, dev
1. Verify approrpaiteness of selected assessments?
* Client goals, professional experience giving tests, relationship between tests and client goals and risks/benefits
2. Review safety considerations
* Health screenings, referrals, informed consent
3. Select facility and verify equipment accuracy
* Easy and cost effective, calebrate equipment, temperature and humidity
4. Instruct client on pre test protocols
* Provide clients with pretest instructions, rest, diet, chemicals that affect HR, clothing
* Explain conditions for starting/stopping tests
5. Prepare record keeping system
* Create/supply recording form/system, develop secure storage
60
How does stress impact resting and exercise HR?
↑ resting and exercising HR
61
What 7 cardiac abnormalities put younger folks @ increased risk of sudden cardiac death?
1. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
2. Coronary artery anomalies
3. Aortic stenosis
4. Aortic dissection and rupture (related to Marfan syndrome)
5. Mitral valve prolapse
6. Various heart arrhythmias
7. Myocarditis
62
What step in the test prep process is Prepartaion of Record Keeping System?
What are the 2 steps of preparing record keeping system for fitness testing?
1. Create and supply a recording form or system
2. Develop a storage and retrieval system for data that is secure and confidential.
63
What are the four locations used in palpation procedure?
Use tips of index and middle fingers to palpate pulse on:
1. **Brachial artery:** anterior medial aspect of arm just distal to belly of biceps brachii muscle, 1 inch superior to antecubital fossa
2. **Carotid artery**: anterior surface of neck lateral to larynx. If push too hard, can cause baroreceptors and carotid sinuses to sense ↑ pressure and tell medulla to ↓ HR in response to pressure ➔ artificially ↓ HR
3. **Radial artery**: anterior-lateral surface of wrist, in line with base of thumb
4. **Temporal artery**: lateral side of cranium on anterior portion of temporal fossa, along hairline at level of eyes
64
What 3 persional trainer factors produce invalid and unreliable test results?
1. Errors
2. Failure to follow protocol
3. Incorrect measurements when conducting fitness exam
65
* Where should caliper jaws be placed during skinfold measurements?
* How long after releasing pressure of caliper jaws should skinfold measurement be taken?
* How should measurement be read/rounded?
* How many measurements should be taken at each site and when should measurements be retaken?
* 1 cm from thumb and index finger
* Release pressure slowly 1-2 seconds take measurement within 4 seconds
* Depending on device 0.2/0.5/1 mm
* Minimum 2 measurements, retake if values vary more than 2 mm or 10%
66
* What is the Rockport Walking test and what does it measure and using what 5 variables?
* Who is it used for and why?
* What equation does it use?
* Test that estimates VO2 max based on:
1. Bodyweight
2. Age
3. Gender
4. Time it takes client to walk 1 mile
5. HR at end of test ( using 15 second duration count)
* It is used for men/women 18-69, particularly useful for older and/or sedentary clients b/c only requires walking @ fast pace
* VO2 max (ml • kg-1 • min-1) = 132.853 - (0.769 x BW) - (0.3877 x age) + (6.315 x gender) - (3.2649 x time) - (0.1565 x HR)
67
Define waist and hip.
* Waist = smallest girth around abdomen
* Hip = largest girth around buttocks
68
* What is intrarater reliability?
* What is potential downfall of tests that have intrarater reliability?
* How do we overcome this?
* Intrarater Reliability = when person conducting test is consistent in administration of test.
* Personal trainers can be consistent but not accurate aka reliably inaccurate
* Overcome this doiwnfall,
* Compare with results from on same client conducted by different trainers without intervention to determine interrater reliability or objectivity
69
How does body position influence BP?
↓ BP when supine ↑ BP when going from supine to seated or standing
70
What 4 client factors affect test validity/reliability?
Give examples for how each influences selection of fitness tests?
1. Health and functional capacity = dictate what tests appropriate and will influence assessment outcomes
1. Sedentary and over 60 with functional capacity of 5 METs should not do YMCA step test b/c requires \> 5 METs
2. Fatigue (from sleep, food, recent activity)
2. Age = 1.5 mile run good aerobic capacity for collage age, but not for preadolescents b/c immature cardiovascular system
3. Sex = specific bio factors influence performance of variety of assessments (chin up, pushup, bench press,) for assessing upper body muscular endurance.
4. Pretraining status = exhibit caution in untrained, deconditioned individuals
71
What is the difference between formative evaluations and summation evaluations?
* Formative evaluations: measure of progress toward a goal. Formal evaluations used @ beginning and thoughout program to formulate plan.
* Summative evaluation: measure of attainment of a goal. final evaulations = sum total, use same tests as at beginning.
72
* Describe YMCA Bench Press.
* What does it measure?
* What equipment is needed?
* How to conduct?
* YMCA Bench Press = muscular endurance test
* Males use 80lb, females use 35lb
1. Set Metronome to 60 bpm, for 30 reps per minute.
2. Bar reaches highest/lowest part of movement on metronome beat.
3. End test when client can no longer lift in cadence w/ metronome
73
What are Korotkoff sounds?
What is the start of sounds?
What is end of sounds?
* Sounds emitted as result of vibratory forces of blood against vessel walls. Detection/disappearance of these sounds under controlled pressure environments = basis of BP measurements
* Systolic = Start of first sounds
* Diastolic = diminishing/end of sounds
74
* Define/describe test validity.
* What 2 factors determine validity of fitness test.
Validity = test measures what it is supposed to measure, the test score is "truthful"
* For a test to be valid, it must
1. Be relevant (E.g. test of speed not relevant for testing VO2 max)
2. Match objectives of testing (e.g. BMI good for sedentary population, but not relevant to athletes with increased muscle mass and low body fat)
75
What methods can be used to determine muscular strenth?
1RM testing
Sub maximal 1RM etimates
76
What 5 skinfold sites are vertical?
1. Midaxilla
2. Triceps
3. Abdomen
4. Thigh
5. Medial Calf
77
How can a person determine reliability of fitness test?
Test-retest method = when test is repeated with same individual/group within 1-3 days or up to 1 week if particularly strenuous
78
Where should the cuff be placed for BP reading?
* Place the cuff so that air bladder is directly over the brachial artery.
* Bottom edge of the cuff 1 inch (2.5 cm) above the antecubital space
79
What is standard error of measurement?
What are 2 things all tests contain?
* Standard error of measurement = different between person's observed score/result and the true score (theoretical errorless score)
* All tests contain true value factor being measured and errors associated with test itself
80
How should sphygmomanometer be positioned?
* With the center of the mercury column or aneroid dial is at eye level
* So that the air bladder tubing is not overlapping, obstructing, or being allowed to freely contact the stethoscope head or tubing
81
How does stress influence exercise and resting BP?
↑ resting and exercising BP
82
* What are Non-exercise based estimatations of VO2 Max?
* Who are they used for?
* What error ranges are associated w/ these equations and how does relate to exercise bsed estimates?
* When are they useful?
* What 7 variables do they use?
* Use equations to estimate VO2 max using various demographics and descriptive variables
* Can be used for trained/untrained men and women
* Associated error range = from +/- 10-15%
* Similar to errors from exercise-based estimates
* Variables
1. Height
2. Weight
3. Age
4. Gender
5. Estimate of training intensity using Borg RPE
6. Number of hours per week training
7. Number of year of consitent training
83
How does time of day influence BP?
↓ BP in morning
↑/no Δ in afternoon/evening
84
What is the correct of 5 fitness test categories for general population?
1. Resting tests (HR, BP, height, weight, body comp)
2. Non-fatiguing tests (flexibility, balance)
3. Muscular strength tests
4. Local muscular endurance tests (YCMA bench, partial curl-up)
5. Submaximal Aerobic capacity tests (1.5 minute run, Rockport walking test)
85
* What do mobility assessments identify?
* What does this create? What % should these differences be?
* What 3 instances indicate client has decrease {\*insert above answer\*}
* Range of motion deificts
* Decreased ROM creates bilateral asymmetry
* Side to side differences should be \< 10%
* Client has ROM deifict if
1. Decreased ROM alters movement mechanics
2. Joint ROM movment not w/in normal limits for athlete's sport
3. Decreae ROM result of injry and ROM not restored to preinjury levelsW
86
* What is a Repetition Maximum/Target and what is it used for?
* What is a Repetition Maximum/Target Zone and what is it used for?
* Why are these methods problematic?
* Repetition maximum target = method of assigning load based onamount of weight that can be lifted with proper techinique for a set number of repetititons
* E.g. 3 sets 12RM load at heaviest weight that can perform 3 sets of exactly 12 reps
* No load change across set
* Repetition Maximum Zone/Range = of weight that can be lifted with proper techinique for a set range of repetitions.
* Can be used as method of training to failure.
* Both are method of assigning training load
87
What is auscultation procedure and what is its durration?
* Method of measuring HR using stethoscope on skin over third intercostal space left of sternum, counting beats for 30 or 60 seconds
88
* What skinfolds sites are used for 3 and 4 skin fold tests?
* 3 fold = thigh, triceps, supraillium
* 4 fold = thigh, triceps, suprailium, abdomen
89
Identify thigh skinfold site
Vertical fold on anterior aspect of thigh midway between hip and knee joints
90
* Describe differences between passive range of motion testing and active range of motion testing
* Give examples of both types of testing
* Passive range of motion Testing
* PT takes client through range of motion
* Active range of motion testing = client performs movment
* Squat, pushup, etc/
91
* What are 2 purposes of reevaluation?
* When should a reassessment be conducted? (2 instances)
* Purpose
1. See how client has progressed
2. Formative evaluation of client, providing frequent opportunities for feedback and guidance
* Reassess
1. Intermediate assessments (repetitions of some or all of the initial assessments) as needed
2. 8 or more weeks from program initiation
92
YMCA Step test:
* What is metronome set to?
* How many steps per minute is this?
* What is height of step?
* How long does test last?
* How soon after test should HR be measured and for how long?
* Metronome @ 96 bpm = 24 steps/ minute
* Height = 12 inches
* Test = 3 minutes
* HR measured w/in 5 seconds of ending test, measured for 1 minute
93
* What side should of body should skinfolds be measured on?
* How far from site should fingers and thumb be placed?
* How should skinfold be lifted, include distance of fingers from each other.
* Right
* 1 cm
* Lift the fold by placing the thumb and index finger approx. 8 cm (3 inches) apart, on a line that is perpendicular to the long axis of the skinfold. The long axis is parallel to the natural cleavage lines of the skin.
94
* Discuss options for Assessing Muscle Balance
* Give example for testing muscle balance
* Test ratio of strength, power, or endurance of one muscle/muscle group relative to another muscle/muscle group
* Isokinetic testing on hamstrings and quadriceps to compare strength.
95
What are the 3 stages of test implementation?
* Det
* Def
* S
1. Determine sequence of assessments.
* Establish organized and appropriate testing order
* Develop an appointment schedule for testing
2. Define/describe test protocols to client and follow test protocols
* Provide written directions and guidelines to client
* Explain technique, reasons for disqualification, and test scoring
* Demonstrate test performance and allow time to practice
* Provide an opportunity for client to ask questions regarding tests
* Implement an adequate warm-up and cool-down procedure
3. Spot client when appropriate
96
* What 3 factors should be considered when discussing fitness test results with client?
1. Specific purpose of the assessment
2. Goals of the client
3. Explanation of personal strengths and areas identified as room for improvement
97
How should trial load be adjusted to allow goal number of Repeitions?
98
* What is speed?
* What are 3 examples of speed tests?
* Speed = ability to move body as quickly as possible over set distance
* Speed tests
* 40-yard
* 10-yard
* 60-yard sprint with flying 30-yard
99
What are 7 limitations that affect accuracy of the relationship between %RM maximum and number of repeitions that can be performed?
* Studies suggest relationship \_
* _ influences relationship. More reps @ given %1RM for \_individuals
* Only applies to \_, as _ create fatigue and reduce number of reps able to perform
* %1RM-repetitions association based on bench, squat, and power clean. May not apply to all exercises
* More reps at given %1RM if using \_
* More reps can be performated @ any given %1RM for \_exercises compared to _ exercises
* _ affects number of reps for any given %1RM
1. Studies suggest relationship may not be as strong as initially thought
2. Training status influences relationship. More reps @ given %1RM for trained individuals
3. Only applies to single set, as multiple sets create fatigue and reduce number of reps able to perform
4. %1RM-repetitions association based on bench, squat, and power clean. May not apply to all exercises
5. More reps at given %1RM if using machines instead of free weights
6. More reps can be performated @ any given %1RM for core exercises compared to assistance exercises
7. Exercise order affects number of reps for any given %1RM
100
What are 4 assumptions when conducting submaximal cardiovascular endurance tests and how can we address those assumptions?
1. **HR measurements \_**
2. **True Max HR for _ must be \_**
3. **Relationship b/w HR and _ rate must be \_**
4. **\_ efficiency = _ for \_clients******
1. **HR measurements must be steady state.**
* Steady state HR = 2 measures w/in 5 bpm
* Steady state usually achieved at @ end of constant
2. **True Max HR for given age must be same for all clients**
* May vary =/- 10-12 bpm **∴** may age-predicted max HR equation can introduce unknown error in model for sumbax estimation for VO2
3. **Relationship b/w HR and work rate must be strong, positive and linear**
* Relationship b/w HR and work load most linear b/w 50-90% - use data point in that range
4. **Mechanical efficiency (VO2 @ given work rate) = same for all clients**
* ****Use tests that best correlate with client exercise modes/daily activity
* E.g. YMCA cycle ergo test for someone who bikes regularly
101
* pine alignment
1. \_= excessive outward curve (\_) of thoracic spine, causing hunching of back
2. _ = excessive inward curve (\_) of spine, comonnonly in lumbar region sometimes in cervial region
3. _ = mediolateral curvature of spine, can be caused by muscular dystrophy and cerebral palsy
* Foot alignment
* _ = ankles medial rotation (like me)
* _ lasts
* \_
* _ lasts
* \_= ankles lateral rotation
* _ lasts
* Spine alignment
1. Hyperkyphosis = excessive outward curve (kyphosis) of thoracic spine, causing hunching of back
2. Hyperlordosis = excessive inward curve (lordocis) of spine, comonnonly in lumbar region sometimes in cervial region
3. Scoliosis = mediolateral curvature of spine, can be caused by muscular dystrophy and cerebral palsy
* Foot alignment
* Overprontation = ankles medial rotation (like me)
* Straight lasts
* Nuetral
* Semi curved lasts
* Underpronation/Supination = ankles lateral rotation (supinated = side)
* Curved lasts
102
What step in the test prep process is Reveiwing safety considerations for fitness testing?
What are the 4 steps of Reviewing Safety considerations for Fitness testing preparation?
* Conduct
* Obtain
* Distribute
* Review
* Step 1
1. Conduct a preparticipation health appraisal screening
2. Obtain a physician referral, medical clearance, or both
3. Distribute and collect completed informed consent and screening forms
4. Review emergency procedures
103
Define face validity and give example.
* Face Validity = test appears to test what it is supposed to test
* Example: 1RM test = valid test for muscular strength, but not muscular flexibility
104
How does smoking/tobacco influence HR resting/exercise?
↑ Resting HR, ↑/no Δ exercise HR
105
What is NIR?
Near-Infrared Interactance measures body comp with wavelength changes of light absorbed and reflected by different tissues in the body at various anatomical sites (e.g. skinfold sites)
106
Explain why skinfold measurements are a valid measurement for body fat estimations.
Skin Fold indirectly measures thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue.
Skinfold measurements are highly correlated with body density measurements from underwater weighing ∴ body fat estimated from skinfolds is valid
107
1. What methods are poor for assigning training loads and why?
2. What methods are suboptimal for determaning training load?
3. What method is superior?
1. Methods that use maxmimal loads (RMs) always to establish training volume, because lifting to failure → increased risk of overtraining and injury.
2. RM target and RM zones suboptimal for determining training load. Can also create overtraining due to lack of intensity variation and b/c requires client to train to failure on each set to achieve prescribed rep ranges.
3. % maximum = superior method.
108
How does altitude impact HR?
↑ HR at altitudes greater than 4000 feet
109
Identify triceps skinfold site.
Vertical fold on posterior mid line of upper arm, half way between acromion (top of shoulder) and olecranon processes (elbow)
110
Describe difference between formal and informal test protocols
Formal = follow specific test protocols
Informal = observation of client performing specific activities and exercises
111
What is a MET? What is 1 MET?
1 Met = O2 consumption @ rest,
1 MET = 3.5 ml x kg2 x min-1
112
* Define construct validity
* Give example of a test that has construct validity.
* Construct Validity = test is able to differentiate between performance abilities.
* Example if a test is a sport-skill related test, those with the given sport skills should score better on the test that those without having previously acquired those skills
113
* Caffeine/smoking instructions prior to BP test?
* How long should a client rest before BP reading?
* No smoking/caffeine 30 minutes prior to test
* Rest 5 minutes
114
* What does partial curl up test measure?
* Why is it favored over sit-up test?
* How is it conducted?
* Partial curlup test measures abdominal muscle endurance
* Favored over sit-up test b/c eliminates use of hip flexors
1. Client sits supine with knees @ 90°, fingers touching 4-inch piece of masking tape. Second set of masking tape 10 CM beyond first
2. Metronome set to 50 bmp, have client curl up so shoulderblades are off of mat (trunk @ 30° to mat), so finger tips touch tape.
3. Low back must be flattened before next curl up.
4. Do as many as possible without pausing in time with metrono,e (25 curl-ups per minute)
115
How does caffeine influence BP?
How can we mitigate these affects?
* Variable,
* Avoid 30 minutes prior to testing
116
What 3 skin fold sites are diagonal?
1. Chest
2. Subscapula
3. Suprailium
117
Identify suprailium skinfold sight
Diagonal fold above crest of ilium (top of pelvis) at spot where imaginary line would come down from anterior axillary line
118
* What are repetition maximum tests and how different from 1RM tests?
* Describe 2 different methods of RM testing, including, number of reps, load increase
* Give examples of RM tests that use each method
* Repetition maximum tests estimate 1RM, using low number or reps (6-10 max). 2 Methods
1. Aiming to do a set number of reps and increase the load until exactly that number of reps can be performed and no more
* 6RM Test, Goal repetitions test, Repetition maximum zone test
2. Use load estimate and do as many reps as possible with that load.
* Load bar with 120kg, do as many squats as possible
*
119
How does food digestion impact resting and exercise HR?
↑ resting and exercising HR
120
What are 4 methods of assessing client load capabilties?
1. Directly asses 1`RM
2. Estimate 1RM
3. Use % of client's BW for testing
4. Repetition Maximum testing
121
Detail steps of 1RM Leg Press. Include standardized knee angle, and weight increase/decrease.
1. Have Client sit in leg press machine and place feet on upper pair of foot plates
2. Adjust seat to standardize knee angle @ 120°
3. Follow steps for determined 1RM as outlined in 1RM bench
1. FIRST SET = WARM UP warm up 5-10 reps using light/moderate load
2. 1 minute rest
3. SECOND SET = WARM UP Estimate warm-up load that will allow 3-5 reps by adding 60-80% est. 1RM:
* Lower Body ↑ 30-40 lb (14-18kg) or 10-20%
4. 2 minute recovery
5. THIRD SET = CONSERVATIVE EST. 1RM Estimate conservative near max load allow 2-3 reps by adding
* Lower Body ↑ 30-40 lb (14-18kg) or 10-20%
6. 2-4 minute recovery following each attempt
7. Make load increase
* Lower Body ↑ 30-40 lb (14-18kg) or 10-20%
8. FOURTH SET = TRAIL SET: FIRST 1RM ATTEMPT
9. 2-4 minute rest.
10. If success, go to step 7.
11. If Failed, decrease load per below and repeat step 8
* Lower Body ↓ 15-20 lb (7-9kg) or 5-10%
12. Continue ↑/↓ Load until can complete 1 rep with proper technique. Ideally 1RM measured within 3 trial loads
13. Record 1RM as max weight lifted (absolute strength
4. Divide 1RM value by client bodyweight to determine relative strength
122
What is interrater reliability?
What is another name for it and why?
* When when more than one trainer can consistently get the same result from a client, test has interrater reliability.
* Also called interrater objectivity because results are objective rather than subjective.
123
Describe 6RM test
How does load increase during test?
* 6RM test = similar to 1RM, but each testing set = 6 reps
* Load change during trial = 50% that of 1RM
* Upper body = ↑ 2.5-5% or 5-10 lb
* Lower body = ↑ 5-10% or 15-20 lb
