FISHERIES PT.1 Flashcards

1
Q

5 reasons fish are taken from the ocean

A
  • Food – people get 20% protein from fishes – 27% of protein = from fish
  • Natural products – oil, swim bladders, medicinals
  • Curios / aquaria
  • Sport – catch + release
  • Fish meal
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2
Q

what is fish meal

A

nutrient rich feed ingredient made from fish – used in the diets of domestic animals + as a fertilizer

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3
Q

How much have we taken from the ocean

A
  • number of fishing vessels has doubled since the 1970s - but catch rates have only increased by 30% before declining
  • The ocean yields 100–120 mmt of seafood per year
  • We have reached / exceeded the sustainable limit of fisheries biomass extraction
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4
Q

5 places fisheries efforts concentrated

A

Nontropical shelves = most
Tropical shelves
Upwelling zones
Coastal and coral
Open oceans

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5
Q

5 countries that fish outside their EEZ’s

A

China
Spain
Taiwan
Japan
South korea

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6
Q

what percent of the oceans are fished

A

> 55%

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7
Q

8 ways the fish are collected

A
  • Purse sein nets – net connected to ship - pelagic fish – get some bycatch
  • Drift nets – let go and collected at a later point
  • Gill nets
  • Long lines
  • Trawls – benthic + demersal fish
  • Hook and line
  • Pots
  • Traps
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8
Q

what kind of fish are fished

A
  • 35,800 fish species contribute to fisheries
  • 58% = marine
  • 1% = diadromous
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9
Q

3 main taxonomic groups of fisheries

A
  1. Jawless – agnatha e.g. hagfish, lampreys
  2. Class chondrichtyes, elasmobranch – cartilagenous fishes e.g. sharks, skates, rays
  3. Bony fishes, perciformes – 725,000 – e.g. salmon, tuna, sturgeons (caviar)
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10
Q

characteristics of the most fished species

A
  • small-bodied - big ones have been already fished out
  • low in food chain
  • schooling species
  • 8 are pelagic
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11
Q

what are the Most fished species used as

A

fish meal

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12
Q

4 popular Non-fish fisheries

A
  • Whales – most are protected but some countries still fish
  • Sea otters
  • Stellar sea cow extinct – manatees and dugongs now protected
  • Sea turtles

Invertebrates
- Corals - jewelery
- Bivalves e.g. oysters, clams
- Crustaceans e.g. crab, shrimp
- Urchins

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13
Q

how much of the overall take does recreational fishing account for

A

4% – but a very big portion of the take for individual species

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14
Q

lethal and sublethal effects of recreational fishing (catch and release)

A
  • increased mortality
  • Sublethal effects: alter social behaviour, impaired reproduction, physiological stress, reduced activity, increased vulnerability to predation
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15
Q

why are Nociceptors

A

Sneddon et al
pain-like receptor organ in fish – 6x more sensitive to stimuli than ones in human skin

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16
Q

what percent of global fish are overexploited

17
Q

what is overfishing

A

fishing mortality above threshold

18
Q

what is overfished

A

biomass below threshold

19
Q

what is rebuilt

A

has stock rebuilding plan, in year x of x year plan

20
Q

where does the US fall in the world for global takes

21
Q

9 main Characteristics of species vulnerable to depletion

A

Slow pop turnover
Low reproductive potential
Low capacity for recovery
Restricted range – geo or with depth
Small pop sizes
High trophic positions
Reduced larval dispersal
Large body size
Long life span

22
Q

explain the slow pop turnover characteristic for species vulnerable to depletion

A

Long life span
Slow growth rates
Long natural mortality
*take long time to grow, mature and reproduce

23
Q

explain the Low reproductive potential characteristic for species vulnerable to depletion

A

Low fecundity
Single lifetime reproductive event
Long time between successful repro
Late sexual maturity
Gender change (male -> female)
Density dependent repro

24
Q

explain the Low capacity for recovery characteristic for species vulnerable to depletion

A

All number 1 and 2
Limited dispersal
Density dependent effects on settlement or recruitment

25
explain the Restricted range characteristic for species vulnerable to depletion
Dependent on estuaries Near shore occurance Predictable spawning location
26
common characteristics of a long life span species
Low natural adult mortality Large body Low annual recruitment to adult stocks Late maturation Breed in aggregations Variable annual repro success
27
Adaptations that were good for long life span species before humans
- Large adult standing stock biomass -> Seemed limitless - Reduced predation risk - Reproductive success - Low fecundity risk – high fecundity does NOT protect - Repro success increases with age - Indeterminate growth -> Increase fecundity with size / age
28
Responses of species to exploitation
Loss of egg production Changes in offspring quality Changes in adult behaviours Poor recruitment years are exacerbated Changes in gender ratios
29
name Most vulnerable fish groups to exploitation
scorpeanids, serranids, elasmos, sturgeons
30
what is CPUE
catch per unit effort (catch / effort) - declines when increasing effort results in fewer fish caught -> indicating overexploitation
31
Fishery activities that lead to decline
- increases in technology - Overcapitalization + overcapacity – spend more on fishing than we catch - Declining ocean productivity - long term declines in fish
32
Technological advancements enabling overfishing
Radar Electronic nav Satellites Planes / helicopters Improvments in equipment
33
how do we spend more on fishing than we catch
Declining stocks / returns Displaced effort - move to other locations once pops decline in one area Great irony of fisheries Global commercial fishing is not economically justifiable
34
Fish taxonomy families
Family Acipenseridae – sturgeon (caviar) Family Branchionichtyidae – spotted handfish Family Sygnathidae - Long-Snouted Seahorse Family Serranidae – groupers Family Serranidae – sea bass - 30% of listed endangered species Family Sciaenidae – croakers and drums Family Scorpaenidae – lion + scorpion fish Family Gadidae – Cod, Pollocks, Whitings Family Scombridae – tuna Family Scombridae – Mackerel Family Engraulidae – anchovy Family Trichiuridae – Cutlassfishes and HairTails Family Osmeridae – Capelins Family Clupeidae – Herring