Fish Flashcards

1
Q

What class are fish in?

A

Actinopterygii

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2
Q

How many species?

A

Approximately 40,000 (about 1/2 of all vertebrate species)

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3
Q

What kind of tail do fish have?

A

Homocercal

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4
Q

What type of scales to fish have?

A

Usually Ctenoid (D-shaped, rougher surface) or Cycloid (round/smoother)

Can also be ganoid, cosmoid, or scutes

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5
Q

Osmoregulation in fish (fresh vs. salt water)

A

Saltwater: drinks seawater, salts excreted through gills and gut. Produce small volume of relatively salty urine. Water loss by osmosis through gills and skin.

Freshwater: does not drink, salts absorbed by gills, no salts enter gut. Produce large volume of dilute urine. Water gain by osmosis through gills and skin.

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6
Q

Osmoregulation in sharks vs. fish

A

Sharks: gills block loss of urea, ingests salts with foods. Most urea retained by kidneys, salts excreted in urine & by rectal gland. Slight water gain by osmosis through gills and skin.

Bony fishes (marine): gains water and salts by swallowing seawater and food. Salts excreted by chloride cells of gills, some salts pass through gut, some salts & water lost via urine. Kidneys retain water. Water loss by osmosis through gills and skin.

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7
Q

Unpaired fins

A

2 dorsal fins, caudal fin, anal fin

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8
Q

Paired fins

A

Pectoral fins and pelvic fins

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9
Q

Spiny dorsal

A

1st dorsal fin. Primarily for maneuvering, stabilization & defense.

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10
Q

Soft dorsal

A

2nd dorsal fin. Primarily for low speed maneuvering and swimming.

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11
Q

Caudal fin

A

Tail fin. Used for propulsion.

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12
Q

Anal fin

A

On ventral (bottom) side, toward back, opposite of soft dorsal. Used for stabilization.

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13
Q

Pectoral fins

A

Located on sides of body. Used for swimming, maneuvering, and stabilization.

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14
Q

Pelvic fins

A

On ventral side underneath the pectoral fins, used for stabilization.

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15
Q

Operculum

A

Gill cover, bony and tough structure

Protects gills and serves as “bellows” to help pump water over gills

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16
Q

Branchiostegal Membrane

A

Seals operculum and prevents back flow of water into the gill chamber

17
Q

Nares

A

external nostrils, used in odor detection (not breathing)

18
Q

Lateral line

A

Series of small fluid-filled canals lying just beneath the skin on the head and along the sides of the body (dark colored). System of receptors transforms underwater sound or mechanical disturbance into nerve impulses.

19
Q

Caudal peduncle

A

located just before the caudal fin

Function: generates power to the caudal fin for swimming

20
Q

Stomach

A

located in middle of body cavity, comes after esophagus and before intestines

function: food storage and digestion

21
Q

Pyloric caeca

A

finger-like structure located above/underneath the stomach

function: aid in digestion and absorption

22
Q

Gall bladder

A

small, located toward front of body (between stomach/liver)

sac, typically green, that holds bile for enzymatic digestion

23
Q

Intestine

A

located after stomach, large, twisty

simple intestines, used for digestion

24
Q

Pancreas

A

a diffuse organ, extending over the surface of the intestine and connective tissues/blood vessels. Can only be differentiated by using a microscope.

function: secretion of digestive juices and insulin

25
Liver
under the stomach towards the front of body. dark in color. bile secretion, glycogen and vitamin D storage
26
Heart
small, dark colored, hides under the gills 2 chambers: atrium and ventricle
27
Gill rakers
teeth-like, toward head strains water and retains food
28
Gill arches
bone-like, between rakers and lamellae supports the gills
29
Gill lamellae
back end of gills feather-like portion of the gills, responsible for gas exchange
30
Kidneys
thin, dark skinny structure above the swim bladder function: elimination of waste and regulation of internal environment
31
Gonads
Female: ovaries, for egg and hormone production. Males: testes, for sperm production Located under swim bladder & above digestive system
32
Cloaca/anus/vent
common chamber for receiving the openings of the urinary tract, oviduct (females) or vas deferens (male) and the intestine Located right in front of Anal fin
33
Swim bladder
large, light colored organ located in the middle of the body cavity just under the spine function: buoyancy, hydrostatic balancing & sound production
34
Myomeres
bundles of skeletal muscle