Fiser Chapter 44 STATISTICS Flashcards

1
Q

Meta-analysis

A

combines data from different studies

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2
Q

RCTs avoid ____

A

avoids treatment biases

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3
Q

Promoting culture of safety

A

Confidential system of reporting errors
Emphasis on learning over accountability
Flexibility in adapting to new situations or problems

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4
Q

Case-control study

A

Those who have disease are compared with those who do not

Compare frequency of suspected risk factor

Retrospective

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5
Q

Paired t tests

A

Before and after studies (weight before and after, drug versus placebo)

Quantitative

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6
Q

p

A

null hypothesis rejected

> 95% likelihood that the difference between the populations is true

AKA

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7
Q

Parameter

A

population

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8
Q

Kaplan-Meyer

A

estimates survival in small groups

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9
Q

NPV

A

TN / (TN + FN)

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10
Q

Relative risk

A

incidence in exposed / incidence in unexposed

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11
Q

Variance

A

spread of data around a mean

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12
Q

Sensitivity

A

TP / (TP + FN)

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13
Q

Student’s t test

A

Compares means between 2 independent groups

Quantitative

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14
Q

Accuracy

A

???

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15
Q

Sentinel event

A

Unexpected occurrence involving death or serious injury, or risk thereof

Hospital undergoes root-cause analysis to prevent and minimize future occurrences

eg wrong site surgery

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16
Q

Risk factors for retain object

A

Emergency procedure
Unplanned change in procedure
Obesity
Towel used for closure

17
Q

Chi-squared test

A

Compares 2 groups with categorical variables

e.g. number of obese patients with and without diabetes versus number of nonobese patients with and without diabetes

18
Q

GAP protection technique

A

gaps in care (eg change in caregiver, divisions of labor, shift changes, transfers) can lead to loss of information and error

Prevention: structured handoffs and checklists (face to face if possible); standardizing orders; reading back orders if verbal

19
Q

Type 1 error

A

no difference (but thinks there is)

20
Q

Mean

21
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases diagnosed over a certain time frame in a population

22
Q

Specificity

A

TN / (TN + FP)

23
Q

Mode

A

most frequently occurring value

24
Q

Median

A

middle value (50th %ile)

25
Cohort studies
compare disease rate between exposed and unexposed groups Nonrandom Prospective
26
ANOVA
Compares means between more than 2 groups Quantitative
27
Power of test
Probability of making correct conclusion 1 - probability of type 2 error 1 - probability of not seeing difference when there is one Likelihood that conclusion is true Larger sample size increases power
28
Nonparametric statistics
compares categorical (qualitative variables) E.g. race, sex, medical problems, medications
29
Predictive values depend on ___
disease prevalence
30
Type 2 error
there's a difference (but don't see it) due to small sample size
31
Prevalence
number of people with disease in a population higher in chronic diseases
32
Double-blind controlled trial avoids ____
avoids observational biases
33
PPV
TP / (TP + FP)
34
JCAHO prevention of wrong site/procedure/patient protocol
Time out before incision Pre-op verification of patient and procedure Operative site and side Availability of implants or special requirements