Fiser ABSITE CH. 13 Inflammation and Cytokines

Question 1

Inflammation phases: injury leads to exposed ___; ____ release, tissue factor release from ____

Answer 1

collagen, platelet-activating factor, endothelium

Question 2

In inflammation platelets bind and release ___ which leads to PMN and macrophage recruitment.

Answer 2

PDGF

Question 3

Play a dominant role in wound healing, release important growth factors (PDGF) and cytokines IL-1 and TNF-a.

Answer 3

Macrophages

Question 4

Similar effect as TGF-beta. Chemotactic and activates inflammatory cells (PMNs and macrophages). Chemotactic and activates fibroblasts -> collagen and ECM proteins. Angiogenesis. Epithelialization. Chemotactic for smooth muscle cells. Has been shown to accelerate wound healing.

Answer 4

PDGF; (EGF and FGF also help chemotaxis, angiogenesis and epithelialization)

Question 5

Stimulates angiogenesis and is involved in tumor metastasis.

Answer 5

V-EGF

Question 6

Not stored, generated by phospholipase in endothelium and other cells. Stimulates many types of inflammatory cells; chemotactic; increased adhesion molecules

Answer 6

Platelet activating factor (PAF)

Question 7

PMNs last ____ days in tissues, ___ days in blood

Answer 7

1-2, 7

Question 8

Platelets last ___ days

Answer 8

7-10

Question 9

Have IgE receptors that bind allergen. Release major basic protein which stimulates basophils and mast cells to release histamine. Increased in parasitic infections.

Answer 9

Eosinophils

Question 10

Have IgE receptors. Main source of histamine in blood. Not found in tissue.

Answer 10

Basophils

Question 11

Primary cell type in type I reactions. Main source of histamine in tissues other than stomach.

Answer 11

Mast cells

Question 12

Vasodilation, tissue edema, postcapillary leakage. Primary effectors in type I hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions)

Answer 12

Histamine

Question 13

Vasodilation, increased permeability, pain contraction of pulmonary arterioles. ACE inactivates.

Answer 13

Bradykinin

Question 14

Has arginine percursor. Activates guanylate cyclase and increases cGMP, resulting in vascular smooth muscle dilation. Also called endotheliu-derived relaxing factor (EDRF).

Answer 14

Nitric Oxide

Question 15

What does endothelin do?

Answer 15

vascular smooth muscle constriction

Question 16

Main initial cytokine response to injury and infection is release of ___ and ____

Answer 16

TNF-alpha and IL-1

Question 17

What is the largest producer of TNF?

Answer 17

macrophage

Question 18

What cytokine is responsible for cachexia in cancer patients?

Answer 18

TNF-alpha

Question 19

What is the main source of IL-1

Answer 19

macrophage

Question 20

IL-1 effects are similar to ___ and synergizes with it.

Answer 20

TNF

Question 21

Alveolar macrophages cause fever with atelectasis by releasing ___

Answer 21

IL-1

Question 22

IL-1 also increases what other IL production?

Answer 22

IL-6

Question 23

IL-1 responsible for fever which is mediated by ___ in hypothalamus.

Answer 23

PGE2 (NSAIDs decrease)

Question 24

Which IL increases hepatic acute phase proteins (CRP, amyloid A) and lymphocyte activation.

Answer 24

IL-6

Question 25

Released by lymphocytes in response to viral infection or other stimulates. Active macrophages, natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells. Inhibit viral replication.

Answer 25

Interferon

Question 26

Name 2 proteins decreased as result of hepatic acute phase response.

Answer 26

albumin, transferrin

Question 27

Provides rolling adhesion. Located on leukocytes, bind to ones on endothelial and platelets

Answer 27

Selectins (L-selectins, E- and P- respectively)

Question 28

On leukocytes; bind ICAMs; anchoring adhesion.

Answer 28

Beta 2 Integrins

Question 29

ICAM, VCAM, PECAM, ELAM on endothelial cells, bind beta-2 integrin molecules located on leukocytes and platelets. These are also involved in ___

Answer 29

endothelial migration

Question 30

In the classic complement pathway, antigen-antibody complexes activate. Which 2 abx? And which 3 factors are found only in the classic pathway?

Answer 30

IgG, IgM | Factors C1, C2, and C4

Question 31

The alternative complement pathway, endotoxin, bacteria, other stimuli activate. What 3 factors are found only in this pathway?

Answer 31

B, D and P (properdin)

Question 32

What is the common convergence point for classic and alternative complement pathways?

Answer 32

C3

Question 33

What electrolyte is required for both complement pathways?

Answer 33

Mg

Question 34

What are the 3 anaphylatoxins in the complement pathway that increase vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction (bronchi); activate mast cells and basophils

Answer 34

C3a, C4a, C5a

Question 35

What forms the membrane attack complex?

Answer 35

C5b-9b

Question 36

What part of the complement cascade functions in opsonization?

Answer 36

C3b

Question 37

What 2 parts of the complement cascade functions in chemotaxis?

Answer 37

C3a and C5a

Question 38

Prostaglandins: ___ and ___ - vasodilation, bronchodilation, increased permeability; inhibit platelets; ___ - vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, increased permeability

Answer 38

PGI2 and PGE2; | PGD2

Question 39

___ inhibit cycloxygenase reversibly;

Answer 39

NSAIDs

Question 40

___ inhibits cycloxygenase irreversibly, inhibits platelets adhesion by decreaseing ___

Answer 40

Aspirin, TXA2

Question 41

Inhibit phospholipase, which converts phospholipids to arachidonic acid -> inhibits inflammation

Answer 41

Steroids

Question 42

What are the slow-reaching substances of anaphylaxis; bronchoconstriction; vasoconstriction followed by increased permeability (wheal and flare)

Answer 42

Leukotrienes

Question 43

Which leukotriene is chemotactic?

Answer 43

LTB4

Question 44

Catecholamines peak how many hours after injury?

Answer 44

24-48

Question 45

What is the primary mediator of reperfusion injury?

Answer 45

PMNs

Question 46

NADPH-oxidase system enzyme defect in PMNs. Results in decreased superoxide radical (O2-) formation.

Answer 46

Chronic granulomatous disease

Question 47

Most potent stimulus for hepatic acute phase response

Answer 47

IL-6

Question 48

T/F CRP is increases in hepatic acute phase response

Answer 48

T

Question 49

T/F Thyroid hormone plays a major role in injury

Answer 49

F

Question 50

T/F RBCs have antioxidant properties

Answer 50

T

Question 51

Antioxidant properties of RBCs

Answer 51

Superoxide dismutase and catalase