first test examination of crystals 2

Question 1

found in acidic urine, typically with a urinepH

Answer 1

cystine

Question 2

occur in the sediment of patients with Cystinuria, agenetic defect in renal cystine transport

Answer 2

cystine crystals

Question 3

most frequent cause of kidneystones in children

Answer 3

cystine crystals can for staghorn calculi

Question 4

• Dissolves in– HCl– NaOH– Ammonium hydroxide• Insoluble in– Acetic acid– Alcohol– Ether• Confirmatory test Nitroprusside Reaction (Acetest)

Answer 4

cystine

Question 5

Is found in severe liver disorders in which amino acidmetabolism is impaired and associated withtyrosinemia

Answer 5

tyrosine

Question 6

The presence of ______ is usuallyaccompanied by a positive biochemical testfor bilirubin and are often accompanied bythe presence of leucine crystals in the sediment.

Answer 6

tyrosine crystals

Question 7

• Polarizes light• Dissolves in:– HCl– NaOH– And when heated• Insoluble in:– Acetic acid– Alcohol– Ether

Answer 7

tyrosine

Question 8

Could also indicate Maple Syrup Disease

Answer 8

leucine

Question 9

The presence of leucine crystals is often accompanied by apositive biochemical test for bilirubin and is oftenaccompanied by tyrosine crystals in the same sediment.Indicates liver disease

Answer 9

leucine

Question 10

Yellow, oily-looking spheres with striations and a thick outerboarder.Can resemble “grapefruit sections”

Answer 10

leucine

Question 11

Dissolves in:– NaOH– And when heated• Insoluble in:– Acetic acid– HCl– Ether

Answer 11

leucine

Question 12

• Is formed in acidic pH of urine• Free fat from degradation of renal tubular epithelial cells• May be present in cases of glomerulonephritisthe Nephrotic Syndrome.

Answer 12

cholesterol

Question 13

cholesterol crystals are accompanied by

Answer 13

Cholesterol crystals are accompanied by:a positive biochemical test for proteinoval fat bodies,fatty casts,free fat droplets in the sediment

Question 14

• Weak birefringence• Dissolves in:– Chloroform– Ether– Hot alcohol• Insoluble in:– Dilute acids– Dilute alkali

Answer 14

cholesterol

Question 15

Bilirubin crystals are seen in several ____ ____

Answer 15

hepatic disorders.

Question 16

Is formed in acidic urine• Yellow-brown needles or granules.• They are frequently attached to the surface of cells

Answer 16

bilirubin

Question 17

• Dissolve in:– Acetic acid– HCl– NaOH– Acetone– Chloroform– Ether• Insoluble in:– Alcohol

Answer 17

bilirubin

Question 18

Iatrogenic Origin

Answer 18

Drugs• Supplements• Radiologic Contrast Media

Question 19

Are formed in acidic pH• Could result in renal damage while precipitating out in thenephron

Answer 19

Sulfonamide Drugs

Question 20

Confirmatory test – Lignin test

Answer 20

sulfonamides

Question 21

Confusing Artifacts

Answer 21

Starch• Talc• Glass fragments

Question 22

Polarize light into Maltese cross but without the outer edgeresembling “crushed diamonds

Answer 22

starch

Question 23

summary

Answer 23

Urinary crystals may be present in acidic or alkalineurine.• Urinary crystals may be of no significance or mayaccompany metabolic disorders.• Microscopic evaluation of urine is important fordetection of crystals, because no chemical testdetects the presence of crystals.• Solubility studies and the use of polarized andcompensated light help to identify crystals anddifferentiate them from artifacts.