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Equine Breeding > First Test > Flashcards

First Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is Reproduction

A

the process of joining genetic material from the male and the female to create offspring

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2
Q

What is ovulation

A

the release of of an egg from the ovaries in response to hormones

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3
Q

fertilization

A

the joining of an egg and sperm to begin the formulation of offspring

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4
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

sperm production

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5
Q

gestation

A

pregnancy

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6
Q

parturition

A

foaling

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7
Q

cryptorchid

A

male with only one descended teste

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8
Q

what does puberty mean for males and females

A

males: the production of sperm
females: beginning to cycle and the ability to maintain a pregnancy

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9
Q

when do horses typically reach puberty

A

12-18 months

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10
Q

what affects the time horses reach maturity

A

nutritional status, body weight and their sex fillies typically mature earlier

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11
Q

What seasonally polyestrous mean

A

means that the horses do not cycle year round but come into heat several times during the season

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12
Q

What are the four goals of the horse breeder

A
  1. have outstanding athletes
  2. remain healthy and sound
  3. optimal conformation and temperament
  4. eliminate the faults of the breed
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13
Q

what are somethings to consider when choosing a breed

A
  • suitability for thr chosen activity
  • market strength
  • availability of breeding stock
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14
Q

what are the four general rules of breeding

A
  1. avoid defects/ diseases
    2, avoid conformation faults
  2. use logic not emotion
  3. evaluate the animals objectively
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15
Q

when visualizing perfection what do you consider

A

pedigree, conformation, temperament, athleticism

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16
Q

how to read a pedigree

A

sire on top mare on bottom

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17
Q

what is conformation

A

how the horse is put together

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18
Q

what does conformation affect

A

locomotion, athleticism soundness

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19
Q

how do we evaluate conformation

A

by seeing if it is pleasing to the eye

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20
Q

proportions of the hips

A

withers and hips level

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21
Q

feet:

A

well shaped and wide through the heels

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22
Q

pastern angle

A

50 degrees

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23
Q

proportions of front legs

A

straight when viewed from front

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24
Q

proportions of hind legs

A

straight from the back and from the side back of the hock are perpendicular to the ground

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25
Q

how do you evaluate conformation

A

by watching the horse move paying attention to their tracking and balance along with coordination

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26
Q

how does temperament affect the choice of breeding stock

A

nasty horses make nasty foals

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27
Q

how do you evaluate athleticism

A

their race earning throughout their lifetime

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28
Q

What is the sperm path

A

testes- epididymis- ductus deferens/ pelvic urethra - acessory sex gland secretions- penile urethra- ejaculation

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29
Q

why are the testes important

A

they are the factory for sperm production situated horizontally within the scrotum

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30
Q

testes

A

produce sperm and testosterone

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31
Q

Where is sperm located

A

located in the seminiferous tubules

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32
Q

Where is testosterone produced

A

produced in leydig cells

33
Q

what influences sperm production numbers

A

age time of year testicular size and frequency of ejaculation

34
Q

why do we care that sperm production takes 6 weeks

A

because if there is damage to them it can affect your breeding book

35
Q

what is another name for sertoli cells

A

nurse cells

36
Q

what are the five reasons nurse cells protect spermatogenesis

A 
1 provide structural support
2 provide nutritional support
3 assist in the movement of sperm cells 
4 clean up testicular parychema 
5 create a blood testis barrier
37
Q

what makes stallions scary

A

because of the leydig cells that produce testosterone

38
Q

what are the functions of testosterone

A
  • supports spermatogenesis
  • secondary sex characteristic
  • sex drive and libido
39
Q

what are the main functions of the scrotum

A
  • protect and support the testes as well as the associated ductworks
40
Q

how does the scrotum achieve thermoregulation

A
  • thin skin with multiple sweat glands
  • tunica dartos muscles relax and contract
  • pampiniforum plexus cools the blood going to the testes in the testicular artery
41
Q

anatomy of the pampiniforum plexus

A

branches testicular vein wraps around the coiled testicular artery in the neck of the scrotum

42
Q

function of the pampiniform plexus

A

cools the hot arterial blood with the cooler venous blood

43
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

where the sperm are born

44
Q

epididymis

A

where the sperm hangs out

45
Q

what are the three parts of the epidiymis

A

the head
the tail
the body

46
Q

the head

A

at the cranial pole

47
Q

the body

A

dorsolateral surface

48
Q

the tail

A

at the caudal pole

49
Q

where are fertile sperm found

A

in the tail end of the epidiymis

50
Q

what is the ductus deferens

A

is a tube connecting the tail of the epidiymis to the urethra for ejaculation

51
Q

what are the six components of the spermatic chord

A
  • testicular artery
  • testicular veins
  • testicular nerves
  • lymphatic vessels
  • one ductus deferens
  • the cremaster muscle
52
Q

the duct work where the accessory glands dump in

A

ductus deferens- pelvic urethra - accessory sex glands

53
Q

semen is made up of what

A

sperm + acessory sex glands

54
Q

accessory sex gland secretion is added to the semen to provide what

A
  • a vehicle for sperm transportation
  • nutritional support for sperm
  • volume for dilution of sperm waste
55
Q

what four types of accessory sex glands do stallions have

A
  • 2 ampullae
  • 2 vesticular glands
  • 2 bulbourethra glands
  • 1 prostate gland
56
Q

what kind of penis does a stallion have

A

musculocavernous meaning it fills with blood

57
Q

what is husbandry

A

the application of scientific principals to agriculture specifically animal breeding

58
Q

how are breeding stock horses different than regular horses

A

mares have higher nutritional requirements vaccination and deworming schedueles

59
Q

basic nutrition

A

lots of fresh water and 1.5-2% body weight a day and 50% of diet is forage

60
Q

BCS for stallion

A

5 is ideal for all

61
Q

BCS fro broodmare

A

5 but keep in mind that she will drop weight while lactating

62
Q

why is feeding a broodmare hard

A

their requirements increase 20-30% in the last 3 months of pregnancy

63
Q

when does quality become much more important than quantity and why

A

8-11 months because they are finishing the greater parts of growing the fetus and it is taking on a more strenuous toll

64
Q

when are feeding requirements for lactating mares increased

A

when they first start to produce it because she has to produce the milk and that takes a toll on her body

65
Q

what are the basics for all horses

A

food shelter friends and food and safe fencing

66
Q

stallion housing

A

it depends but keep separate from mares

67
Q

broodmare housing

A

move her into foaling stall 1-2 weeks early
meet the basic needs
avoid mixing up established broodmare groups

68
Q

foaling stall specifications

A

16 by 16 minimum 24 is preferred

straw bedding quiet and disinfected

69
Q

what is the formula for BCS

A

temperament+ Nutrition + exercise

70
Q

how long can you ride a pregnant broodmare

A

up to 7 months if she was in work before bred

71
Q

benefits of exercise for pregnant mare

A

helps circulation and lymph flow

helps with BCS and can improve morale

72
Q

four main vaccines aka core 4

A

EEE/WEE, Tetanus, west nile rabies

73
Q

Risk Based vaccines

A 
anthrax
Botualism 
EHV 
PHV 
EVA
Influenza 
Rotavirus 
Strangles
74
Q

suggested vaccines for studs

A

EEE/WEE west nile rabies tetanus EHV and Influenza

75
Q

What is the EVA Vaccine

A

STD vaccine in studs

76
Q

what is the EVA Specifications for studs

A

2 NEGATIVE EVA titers 3 weeks before vaccination

77
Q

broodmare vaccinations

A

need the core 4 +/- botualism flu PHF and strangles

78
Q

what dewormer are we cautious about using on broodmares

A

quest plus

79
Q

what do we do to mom to protect the baby

A

vaccinate 4-6 weeks before foaling

deworm 4-6 weeks before foaling and move mom 2 weeks before

Equine Breeding (3 decks)

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