First Test Flashcards
What is Reproduction
the process of joining genetic material from the male and the female to create offspring
What is ovulation
the release of of an egg from the ovaries in response to hormones
fertilization
the joining of an egg and sperm to begin the formulation of offspring
What is spermatogenesis
sperm production
gestation
pregnancy
parturition
foaling
cryptorchid
male with only one descended teste
what does puberty mean for males and females
males: the production of sperm
females: beginning to cycle and the ability to maintain a pregnancy
when do horses typically reach puberty
12-18 months
what affects the time horses reach maturity
nutritional status, body weight and their sex fillies typically mature earlier
What seasonally polyestrous mean
means that the horses do not cycle year round but come into heat several times during the season
What are the four goals of the horse breeder
- have outstanding athletes
- remain healthy and sound
- optimal conformation and temperament
- eliminate the faults of the breed
what are somethings to consider when choosing a breed
- suitability for thr chosen activity
- market strength
- availability of breeding stock
what are the four general rules of breeding
- avoid defects/ diseases
2, avoid conformation faults - use logic not emotion
- evaluate the animals objectively
when visualizing perfection what do you consider
pedigree, conformation, temperament, athleticism
how to read a pedigree
sire on top mare on bottom
what is conformation
how the horse is put together
what does conformation affect
locomotion, athleticism soundness
how do we evaluate conformation
by seeing if it is pleasing to the eye
proportions of the hips
withers and hips level
feet:
well shaped and wide through the heels
pastern angle
50 degrees
proportions of front legs
straight when viewed from front
proportions of hind legs
straight from the back and from the side back of the hock are perpendicular to the ground
how do you evaluate conformation
by watching the horse move paying attention to their tracking and balance along with coordination
how does temperament affect the choice of breeding stock
nasty horses make nasty foals
how do you evaluate athleticism
their race earning throughout their lifetime
What is the sperm path
testes- epididymis- ductus deferens/ pelvic urethra - acessory sex gland secretions- penile urethra- ejaculation
why are the testes important
they are the factory for sperm production situated horizontally within the scrotum
testes
produce sperm and testosterone
Where is sperm located
located in the seminiferous tubules
Where is testosterone produced
produced in leydig cells
what influences sperm production numbers
age time of year testicular size and frequency of ejaculation
why do we care that sperm production takes 6 weeks
because if there is damage to them it can affect your breeding book
what is another name for sertoli cells
nurse cells
what are the five reasons nurse cells protect spermatogenesis
1 provide structural support 2 provide nutritional support 3 assist in the movement of sperm cells 4 clean up testicular parychema 5 create a blood testis barrier
what makes stallions scary
because of the leydig cells that produce testosterone
what are the functions of testosterone
- supports spermatogenesis
- secondary sex characteristic
- sex drive and libido
what are the main functions of the scrotum
- protect and support the testes as well as the associated ductworks
how does the scrotum achieve thermoregulation
- thin skin with multiple sweat glands
- tunica dartos muscles relax and contract
- pampiniforum plexus cools the blood going to the testes in the testicular artery
anatomy of the pampiniforum plexus
branches testicular vein wraps around the coiled testicular artery in the neck of the scrotum
function of the pampiniform plexus
cools the hot arterial blood with the cooler venous blood
seminiferous tubules
where the sperm are born
epididymis
where the sperm hangs out
what are the three parts of the epidiymis
the head
the tail
the body
the head
at the cranial pole
the body
dorsolateral surface
the tail
at the caudal pole
where are fertile sperm found
in the tail end of the epidiymis
what is the ductus deferens
is a tube connecting the tail of the epidiymis to the urethra for ejaculation
what are the six components of the spermatic chord
- testicular artery
- testicular veins
- testicular nerves
- lymphatic vessels
- one ductus deferens
- the cremaster muscle
the duct work where the accessory glands dump in
ductus deferens- pelvic urethra - accessory sex glands
semen is made up of what
sperm + acessory sex glands
accessory sex gland secretion is added to the semen to provide what
- a vehicle for sperm transportation
- nutritional support for sperm
- volume for dilution of sperm waste
what four types of accessory sex glands do stallions have
- 2 ampullae
- 2 vesticular glands
- 2 bulbourethra glands
- 1 prostate gland
what kind of penis does a stallion have
musculocavernous meaning it fills with blood
what is husbandry
the application of scientific principals to agriculture specifically animal breeding
how are breeding stock horses different than regular horses
mares have higher nutritional requirements vaccination and deworming schedueles
basic nutrition
lots of fresh water and 1.5-2% body weight a day and 50% of diet is forage
BCS for stallion
5 is ideal for all
BCS fro broodmare
5 but keep in mind that she will drop weight while lactating
why is feeding a broodmare hard
their requirements increase 20-30% in the last 3 months of pregnancy
when does quality become much more important than quantity and why
8-11 months because they are finishing the greater parts of growing the fetus and it is taking on a more strenuous toll
when are feeding requirements for lactating mares increased
when they first start to produce it because she has to produce the milk and that takes a toll on her body
what are the basics for all horses
food shelter friends and food and safe fencing
stallion housing
it depends but keep separate from mares
broodmare housing
move her into foaling stall 1-2 weeks early
meet the basic needs
avoid mixing up established broodmare groups
foaling stall specifications
16 by 16 minimum 24 is preferred
straw bedding quiet and disinfected
what is the formula for BCS
temperament+ Nutrition + exercise
how long can you ride a pregnant broodmare
up to 7 months if she was in work before bred
benefits of exercise for pregnant mare
helps circulation and lymph flow
helps with BCS and can improve morale
four main vaccines aka core 4
EEE/WEE, Tetanus, west nile rabies
Risk Based vaccines
anthrax Botualism EHV PHV EVA Influenza Rotavirus Strangles
suggested vaccines for studs
EEE/WEE west nile rabies tetanus EHV and Influenza
What is the EVA Vaccine
STD vaccine in studs
what is the EVA Specifications for studs
2 NEGATIVE EVA titers 3 weeks before vaccination
broodmare vaccinations
need the core 4 +/- botualism flu PHF and strangles
what dewormer are we cautious about using on broodmares
quest plus
what do we do to mom to protect the baby
vaccinate 4-6 weeks before foaling
deworm 4-6 weeks before foaling and move mom 2 weeks before
