Final Exam Flashcards
when do we inseminate and why
24 hours after ovulation because she is in estrus
when do we know the mare is receptive to the stud
tease score of 4-5
what is the cervix
natural barrier and it protects from bacteria
how is her cervix when she is ready to breed
open
what is teasing
introducing mare and stud to see if she is receptive to him though the use of body language
what are the three changes you want to see on the ultrasound
- wagon wheel shape
2 fluid changes and gets cloudy
3 the luteal ring forms
how big do you want the dominant follicle to be before breeding
40-50 mm at least
how many hours before the end of estrus does ovulation take place
24 hours
how many times do we inseminate in an ideal world
twice, once before and once after or 12 hours apart hoping to catch the window of ovulation
how do you increase the chance of having a colt vs a filly
the lighter sperm is male and you meed to breed as close to ovulation as possible because you want the egg at the highest point in the oviduct
why are male sperm lighter
males only have the X chromosome and females have XY therefore they’re heavier
what are the 5 steps in a BSE
- verify ID
- know the history including repro
- general physical eval
- repro eval
- ancillary tests
how do you verify the ID
check tattoos and markings ect.
what do you want to know about the repro history
if they have any deformities like princesses uterus
what do they check in the general exam
overall health of animal and if they have STD’s
what is checked in the repro exam
whether they’re fertile or if they have any cysts or unnatural edema
what does a ancillary test check in studs
penile fossa and urethral culture
what does a ancillary test check in mares
uterine biopsy and cultures
what is a satisfactory breeder
free of undesirable defects no STD's willing and able to breed normal semen quality adn output ejaculate 1 billion PMMN's
what is the other name for caslick
vulvoplasty
why do we do caslicks
if mare has poor perineal conformation
examples of poor perineal conformation
recessed rectum, tears in the vulva
open vulva
what does a recessed rectum lead to
manure contamination
what is bad about having an open vulva
air and bacteria get in and causes a breeding ground for bacteria
what can you do before a caslick to fix the poor conformation
fatten them up to increase the body score in hopes it fixes the solution
what is a risk factor of the caslick
endometritis
what suture pattern is used in a caslick and why
ford interlocking stitch so that it reduces pressure points
what does the stitch look like
L’s
how long is normal equine gestation
340 days
when is a foal a preemie
320 days or less
how does the vulva change before foal
relaxes and opens, area between vulva and anus relaxes
how does the tail head change before foal
it relaxes and it is not covered in fat or muscle so it very prominant
how does the muscles and tendons change before foal
water bed butt they look angular
how does the abdominal shape change before foal
they drop they look slab sided and they look triangle shaped and ribby
what is the hormone produces by the fetus
relaxin
what is relaxin
polypeptide hormone produced by fetus
how do the mammary glands develop
they build a bag and it fills up with milk
what is the milk test score corrolated with a baby
200 ppm usually means 24-48 hours
what is waxing
when colostum builds up on the teats and hardens
what are some behavioral signs mare might foal
colic symptoms, discomfort, going off feed and isolation
who initiates partuition
fetus
baby decides day mom decides time
when does the foal decide when they want out
theres no room which increases fetal cortisol which sends signals to mom
also the diving position
what hormones affect partuition
progesterone- decreases no longer maintaining pregnancy
estrogen- increases to cause contractions
PGF2a- stops the progesterone
oxytocin- helps cause contractions
calciu- helps prevents muscle exhaustion
what does an increase in estrogen cause
contractions
what does PGF2a do
stops the progesterone that is maintaining the pregnancy
what hormone helps with contractions
oxytocin
what hormone helps prevent muscle exaustion
calcium
what are the three stages of partuition
pre labor
expulsion
cleaning/ delivery of placenta
when does stage 1 start and end
start: intital with uterine contractions
end: water breaking
when does stage 2 start and end
Start: Broken water
End: foal on ground
how long should expulsion take
10-30 mins with constant progress
what happens when the water breaks
its the rupture of the chorioallatonic membrane at the vertical star aka release of amniotic fluid
how long do you have to save a red bag foal
less than ten mins once they red bad they have no oxygen
what is the start adn end of stage 3
Start: foal on the ground
end: when all fetal membranes are expelled
what do you never do with the membranes
PULL
what is another work for delivering the placenta
Cleaning
how long should it take to clean/ deliver the placenta
no more than 3 hours if longer call vet
what happens if the placenta is retained
sepsis and death
what can you do to help deliver the placenta
give ocytocin for contraction and flush out mare
what is the 123 rule
stand by hour 1
nurse by hour 2
clean by hour 3
why is the 123 rule important
its a guideline to see if everything is running smoothly
when is colostrum needed
by hour 2
what does colostum do
gives IGG antibodies and it acts as a laxative to get meconium out
what is meconium
sticky black and tar like fisrt thing that foal will pass
what do you do if your foal does not pass meconium
fleet enema
what will happen if you foal doesnt pass meconium
colic and or death
what can happen if fetal membranes are retained
death and sepsis
how can you check if the whole placenta was delivered
fill it with water it shouldnt leak if it does youre missing a piece
what do you use to clean the chord stump
iodine or chlorhexadine
what are th negatives about iodine cleaning
its harsh on skin
what is the negative about chlorhexadine cleaning
will need to be dome more frequently
