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OAP Year 1 > First Test 151102 > Flashcards

First Test 151102 Flashcards

1
Q

Parietal bones (2)

A

Form side/roof of cranial cavity

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2
Q

Temporal bones (2)

A

Form the lateral aspects/ floor of cranium

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3
Q

Occipital bone

A

Forms posterior part and most of base of cranium

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4
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Wedge-shaped, lies at the middle part of the base of skull

butterfly-shaped

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5
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

Anterior part of cranial floor, medial to orbits

  • major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity
  • contains projections (conchae), lined by mucous membranes
  • increased surface area in nasal cavity, humidifies inhaled air, traps inhaled particles
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6
Q

Define suture

A

Immovable joints that fuse most of skull bones together

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7
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • 4 pairs of air filled spaces surrounding the nasal cavity
  • secretions produced by the mucous membranes (which line the sinuses), drain into the nasal cavity
  • serve as resonating chambers that intensify and prolong sounds
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8
Q

How many bones does the skull consist of?

A

22 bones

  • 8 cranial bones
  • 14 facial bones
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9
Q

Define foramen

A

Openings that allow veins, ligaments and nerves to pass

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10
Q

Define fissures

A

Narrow groove/division/furrow between adjacent bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass (eg superior orbital fissure)

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11
Q

Define fossa

A

Shallow depression (for glands etc. lacrimal fossa for lacrimal gland

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12
Q

Nasal bones

A

form the bridge of the nose

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13
Q

maxillae

A
  • form the upper jawbone
  • forms most of the hard palate
    • separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
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14
Q

zygomatic bones

A

commonly called cheekbones, form the prominences of the cheeks

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15
Q

lacrimal bones

A

form a part of the medial wall of each orbit, smallest in face

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16
Q

palatine bones

A

form the posterior portion of the hard palate

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17
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A

scroll-like bones, form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity and help filter air before reaching lungs

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18
Q

vomer

A

inferior portion of nasal septum, triangular

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19
Q

mandible

A

jawbone, largest, strongest facial bone. The only movable skull bone

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20
Q

nasal septum

A

divides the interior of the nasal cavity into right and left sides

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21
Q

define orbits

A

eye sockets

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22
Q

hyoid bone

A
  • does not articulate with any other bone
  • supports tongue, providing attachment sites for muscles of tongue, neck and pharynx
  • also helps larynx (voice box) open at all times
23
Q

define sinuses

A

air cavities within bones, relieve pressure

24
Q

name other cavities besides the large one (3 main ones)

A
  • nasal cavity
  • orbits
  • paranasal cavities
  • small cavities (contain organs involved in hearing and equilibrium
25
Q

name the bones of the orbit (7)

A
  • frontal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • palatine bone
  • zygomatic bone
  • ethmoid bone
  • lacrimal bone
  • maxilla
26
Q

define fontanels

A
  • areas of unossified tissue
  • at birth, fontanels (commonly called soft spots) link the cranial bones
  • eventually, they are replaced with bone to become sutures
  • provide flexibility to the foetal skull, allowing skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal
27
Q

what is craniosynotosis

A

(premature cranial suture fusion) = abnormal skull shape, blindness, retardation. seriousness depends on sutures involved and early diagnosis

28
Q

name the four paranasal sinuses

A
  • frontal sinus
  • maxillary sinus
  • ethmoid sinuses (anterior and posterior)
  • sphenoid sinus
29
Q

roles of sinuses

A
  • immunological defense
  • lightening of skull
  • increasing surface area for smell (olfaction)
  • increasing voice resonance
  • buffer against facial trauma
  • humidifying & heating inhaled air
  • regulating intranasal pressures
30
Q

name one facial nerve

A

7th (VII) cranial nerve

31
Q

define Bell’s Palsy

A

facial paralysis due to nerve damage (eg. infection)

32
Q

role of orbicularis oculi (muscle)

A

closes eye

33
Q

role of levator palpebrae superioris (muscle)

A

opens the eye / raises lid

34
Q

role of orbicularis oris (muscle)

A

puckers the mouth

35
Q

role of buccinator (muscle)

A

forms muscular portion of the cheek and assist in whistling, blowing, sucking and chewing

36
Q

annulus of zinn

A

most extraocular muscles arise from here (all except from inferior oblique)

37
Q

name 3 cranial nerves that innervate the EOMs

A
  • oculomotor nerve (CNIII) - superior, medial, inferior rectus and inferior oblique
  • Trochlear nerve (CNIV) - superior oblique
  • abducens nerve (CNVI) - lateral rectus
38
Q

define adduction

A

eye moves inward, towards the nose

39
Q

define abduction

A

eye moves outwards, away from nose

40
Q

define intorsion

A

rotates top of eye towards the nose

41
Q

define extorsion

A

rotates top of eye away from nose

42
Q

define elevation

A

moves eye up

43
Q

define depression (eye movement)

A

moves eye down

44
Q

role of superior oblique

A

rotates eye, pulls eye downwards + medially (intorsion, depression, adduction)

45
Q

role of inferior oblique

A

rotates eye, pulls eye upwards and laterally (extorsion, elevation and abduction

46
Q

role of lateral rectus

A

moves eye outwards, abduction

47
Q

role of medial rectus

A

moves eye inwards, adduction

48
Q

role of superior rectus

A

raises eye, elevation, intorsion, adduction

49
Q

role of inferior rectus

A

moves eye downwards, depression, extorsion, adduction

50
Q

define trochlea

A

a loop of fibrous tissue that superior oblique tendon passes through. the trochlea exerts pressure used in pulley system
SO is the only EOM innervated by the Trochlear nerve (4th cranial nerve)

51
Q

Frontal bone

A

Forms forehead

52
Q

Define transduction

A

The retina: light -> electrical potential

53
Q

The retina: encoding

A

Electrical potentials -> action potential sequences for retinal output

OAP Year 1 (3 decks)

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