First Semester

Question 1

What is self-awareness?

Answer 1

introspection & observation of one’s behaviour and character and conscious awareness of these traits Understanding values, beliefs, attitudes, culture, biases, judgments- the impact they may have on others

Question 2

Why is self-awareness important?

Answer 2

part of becoming a nurse do not want biases/prejudices to impact client care when you understand yourself, you are better able to understand clients identify strengths and areas needed for improvement

Question 3

How to be self-aware?

Answer 3

introspection (journal writing), feedback from others, self-sharing

Question 4

Stages of reflective process

Answer 4

3: awareness of uncomfortable feelings and thoughts, critical analysis of feelings and knowledge, new perspective

Question 5

What are the 4 ‘panes’ of Johari’s window?

Answer 5

Open (known to self & others), Blind (uknown to self & known to others), Hidden (Known to self & unknown to others), Unknown (unknown to self or others)

Question 6

3 interrelated facets of self-awareness

Answer 6

cognitive (thinking), affective (feeling), behavioural (acting)

Question 7

How does culture affect one’s understanding of the relevance of self-awareness?

Answer 7

Western conception of self: egocentric, focused on individualism & autonomy, valuing objective & rational thought non-Western people: may be confused when exposed to strategies for self-awareness, tend not to be preoccupied with self, instead valuing communality & connectedness to others (pg. 302 Ekroth-Bucher article)

Question 8

What is the WHO definition of health?

Answer 8

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 9

What is health?

Answer 9

-people with functional disabilities, chronic diseases etc. may view themselves as healthy -a resource for everyday living, not the objective of living -consequence of interdependens b/w indiv & family, community, culture, and physical & social environs -ability to lead a socially & economically productive life

Question 10

What is health according to the Population Health Approach?

Answer 10

Health is the capacity of people to adapt to, respond to, or control life’s challenges and changes

Question 11

Individual factors re: health

Answer 11

personal history, biology, previous events e.g. illness/inury, nutritional status, stressors

Question 12

Human rights link to health

Answer 12

Improving human rights improves health e.g. gender equality, rights to education, information, water, housing Health policies/programmes can violate or promote human rights The right to health is a progessive realization of health for all

Question 13

What are the underlying determinants of health re: right to health?

Answer 13

water, sanitation, food, nutrition, housing, healthy occupational & environmental conditions, education, information

Question 14

Priniciples re: health & human rights

Answer 14

accountability, equality & non-discrimination, Indivisibility, Interdependence & interrelatedness, participation & inclusion, Universality

Question 15

What is Health Promotion?

Answer 15

process of enabling people to increase control over, and improve, their health. embraces action directed toward changing social, environmental & economic conditions so as to alleviate their impact on public and individual health

prevention, upstream thinking

Question 16

w/in context of ottawa charter, what is enabling?

Answer 16

signals empowerment, taking action with clients to empower them to gain control over their health & environ w/ goal of improving health

Question 17

What is the nursing process?

Answer 17

assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation

Question 18

What is disease?

Answer 18

abnormal alterations in the structure or functioning of body that fit within the medical model, disease follows an identifiable progression -disease course

Question 19

What is illness?

Answer 19

personal experience of, perception of, & reaction to a disease whereby he/she is unable to function at desired “usual” level Chronic illness-particular trajectory-expected courses-illness trajectory- clt’s adapt differently to chronic illness

Question 20

What is the primary level of disease & injury prevention?

Answer 20

prevent occurrence of disease

Question 21

What is the secondary level of disease & injury prevention?

Answer 21

detect & stop disease from developing in those at risk

Question 22

What is the tertiary level of disease & injury prevention?

Answer 22

reduce negative effects once disease is established

Question 23

What is the organization responsible for protecting Canadians?

Answer 23

Health Canada - protect from current & emerging health threats

Question 24

What is resiliency?

Answer 24

capacity of clients to manage effectively when faced with considerable adversity or risk

Question 25

Lalonde report - what is it? what year? significance?

Answer 25

1974 - shift away from biomedical view, focus on risk factor behaviours (lifestyle changes), led to victim blaming, campaigns about smoking, drinking&driving, health education etc., Behavioural Approach

Question 26

Alma-Ata Declaration what is it? year? significance?

Answer 26

1978 - addressed health inequality b/w developed & developing countries strategy= primary health care Identified social & environmental conditions as determinants of health

Question 27

Ottawa Charter *** what is it? year? significance?

Answer 27

1986 - Defined concept of health promotion, expanded on determinants of health in discussion of prereqs for health (e.g. peace, shelter, stable ecosystem, social justice, equity) Identified strategies for practice: Advocate, Enable, Mediate to help clients achieve health goals Shift to Population Health Promotion (PHP)

Question 28

What are the 5 major action areas (or health promotion strategies) of the Ottawa Charter?

Answer 28

Build healthy public policy (seat belt laws) Create supportive environments (e.g. smoke-free workplace) Strengthen community action (e.g. funding for heart health initiatives -healthy food choices in restaurants) Developing personal skills (e.g. community literacy programs) Reorienting health services (e.g. interdisciplinary community health centers)

Question 29

What is the Canadian Framework for Health Promotion (Epp report)? year? significance?

Answer 29

1986 -national framework for health promotion, 3 health challenges: 1)reducing health inequalities b/w rich & poor 2) increasing prevention efforts 3) enhancing coping abilities (esp. chronic conditions, mental health, & disabilities) 3 mechanisms for change 1) self-care (individual level) 2) mutual aid (e.g. support groups) 3) creating healthy environments

Question 30

Population Health Promotion (Hamilton & Bhatti) what is it? year? siginificance?

Answer 30

1996 - clarifies rel/ship between health promotion & pop’n health Synergistic rel/ship: 1) What : determinants of health, 2) Who (e.g. indiv, family, community, society) 3) How (strategies/action areas from ottawa charter)

Question 31

What are the PHAC 8 key elements re: PHP

Answer 31

1) focus on health of pop’ns 2) Address determinants of health 3) base decisions on evidence 4) increase upstream investments 5) apply multiple interventions & strategies 6) collaborate accross sectors & levels 7) employ mechanism for public involvement 8) demonstrate accountability for health outcomes

Question 32

What is the Biomedical Approach?

Answer 32

health promotion model focused on treatment & prevention of disease. esp. on biological & physiological risk factors assoc. with disease. Immunizatons and screening. sick>treatment>cured

Question 33

What is the Behavioural Approach?

Answer 33

introduced with lalonde report, using lifestyle changes (particularly behavioural risk factors) to promote health campaigns to quit smoking or lose weight, victim-blaming

Question 34

What is the Socioenvironmental Approach?

Answer 34

introduced with alma-ata - social and environmental determinants of health, health as a resource, psychosocial & environ risk factors associated with health e.g. poverty

Question 35

What is the Romanow Report? year?

Answer 35

2002 A.K.A Royal Commission on the Future of Health in Canada

Question 36

What is the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

Answer 36

psychological model that attempts to explain & predict health behaviours, done by focusing on the attitudes & beliefs of individuals. developed in 1950s, think about perceived susceptibility & perceived threat of disease influencing behaviour

Question 37

What is the theory of reasoned action?

Answer 37

Theory of Reasoned Action suggests that a person’s behavior is determined by his/her intention to perform the behavior and that this intention is, in turn, a function of his/her attitude toward the behavior and his/her subjective norm. The best predictor of behavior is intention. Intention is the cognitive representation of a person’s readiness to perform a given behavior, and it is considered to be the immediate antecedent of behavior. This intention is determined by three things: their attitude toward the specific behavior, their subjective norms and their perceived behavioral control.

Question 38

What is the transtheoretical model?

Answer 38

The transtheoretical model posits that health behavior change involves progress through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination

Question 39

What is social cognitive theory?

Answer 39

Social cognitive theory provides a framework for understanding, predicting, and changing human behavior. The theory identifies human behavior as an interaction of personal factors, behavior, and the environment (Bandura 1977; Bandura 1986). (triangle)

In the model, the interaction between the person and behavior involves the influences of a person’s thoughts and actions.

Question 40

What is Primary Health Care? (week 3)

Answer 40

Primary Health Care -health care philosophy AND model for health care reform

health promotion in primary HEALTH care is a social movement that realigns resources to address the determinants of health for all

principles: accessibilty, public participation, health promotion, appropriate technology, inter-sectorial cooperation

Question 41

Difference b/w primary care & primary health care

Answer 41

primary care = 1st point of access to health care system and is medical care

primary health care= holistic model of care that includes primary care

Question 42

Principles of Health Promotion

Answer 42

• involves population as a whole in context of everyday life
• directed toward action on determinants of health
• combines diverse & complementary approaches
• involve public or target audience participation
• health professionals have a role in enabling health promotion

Question 43

what are the soc determinants of health?

Answer 43

Income and Social Status

Early Child Development

Education and Literacy

Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills

Gender

Culture

Biology and Genetic Endowment

Housing

Health Services

Physical Environment

Working Conditions

Social Environments

Question 44

what are the two social determinants added by raphael?

Answer 44

aboriginal status
social exclusion

Question 45

What is social justice?

Answer 45

Equity in society
the equitable, or fair, distribution of society’s benefits, responsibilities and their consequences. Relative position of the social advantage of one individual or social group in relation to others in society, as well as on the root causes of inequities and what can be done to eliminate them

Question 46

CNA attributes of social justice

Answer 46

Equity
Human rights
Democracy and civil rights
Capacity building
Just institutions
Enabling environments
Poverty reduction
Ethical practice
Advocacy
Partnerships

Question 47

3 priorities re: social justice

Answer 47

Equality of rights

Equality of opportunities

Equity in living conditions

Question 48

what are 3 overarching reccomendations re; SDOH from WHO?

Answer 48

• improve daily living conditions
• tackle the inequitable distrib of power, money and resources
• measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of action

Question 49

6 principles for settings approach to greening settings

Answer 49

• adopt an ecological ‘whole system’ perspective
• start where people are (listen to and respect lived experience, diverse forms of knowledge)
• practice rooted in place
• deepen the social analysis (connect lived experience to that of others and to the practices, structures that create & sustain inequity)
• asset-based/ appreciative inquiry approach
• build resilience (for change) instead of efficiency

Question 50

overarching principles of earth charter

Answer 50

respect & care for community of life
Ecological Integrity
Social & Economic justice
Democracy, nonviolence & Peace

Question 51

humans throwing earth off balance. how?

Answer 51

agriculture, deforestation, habitat fragmentation, sprawl, water control

Question 52

RNAOs position on healthy energy

Answer 52

reduce consumption through conservation
increased reliance on renewable energy
Strategic use of natural gas
Cancel nuclear plants
Close coal plants

Question 53

what is the key strategy of nurses re: healthy public policy?

Answer 53

policy advocacy - sdoh & policies that enable them are root of inequities

Question 54

what is the plissit model

Answer 54

permission
limited information
specific suggestions
intensive therapy

Question 55

4 characteristics of spirituality

Answer 55

relship with self, nature, others, deity

Question 56

what do patients expect from nurses re: spirituality?

Answer 56

receptivity
humanity
competency
positivity