First Semester Flashcards
What is self-awareness?
introspection & observation of one’s behaviour and character and conscious awareness of these traits Understanding values, beliefs, attitudes, culture, biases, judgments- the impact they may have on others
Why is self-awareness important?
part of becoming a nurse do not want biases/prejudices to impact client care when you understand yourself, you are better able to understand clients identify strengths and areas needed for improvement
How to be self-aware?
introspection (journal writing), feedback from others, self-sharing
Stages of reflective process
3: awareness of uncomfortable feelings and thoughts, critical analysis of feelings and knowledge, new perspective
What are the 4 ‘panes’ of Johari’s window?
Open (known to self & others), Blind (uknown to self & known to others), Hidden (Known to self & unknown to others), Unknown (unknown to self or others)
3 interrelated facets of self-awareness
cognitive (thinking), affective (feeling), behavioural (acting)
How does culture affect one’s understanding of the relevance of self-awareness?
Western conception of self: egocentric, focused on individualism & autonomy, valuing objective & rational thought non-Western people: may be confused when exposed to strategies for self-awareness, tend not to be preoccupied with self, instead valuing communality & connectedness to others (pg. 302 Ekroth-Bucher article)
What is the WHO definition of health?
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
What is health?
-people with functional disabilities, chronic diseases etc. may view themselves as healthy -a resource for everyday living, not the objective of living -consequence of interdependens b/w indiv & family, community, culture, and physical & social environs -ability to lead a socially & economically productive life
What is health according to the Population Health Approach?
Health is the capacity of people to adapt to, respond to, or control life’s challenges and changes
Individual factors re: health
personal history, biology, previous events e.g. illness/inury, nutritional status, stressors
Human rights link to health
Improving human rights improves health e.g. gender equality, rights to education, information, water, housing Health policies/programmes can violate or promote human rights The right to health is a progessive realization of health for all
What are the underlying determinants of health re: right to health?
water, sanitation, food, nutrition, housing, healthy occupational & environmental conditions, education, information
Priniciples re: health & human rights
accountability, equality & non-discrimination, Indivisibility, Interdependence & interrelatedness, participation & inclusion, Universality
What is Health Promotion?
process of enabling people to increase control over, and improve, their health. embraces action directed toward changing social, environmental & economic conditions so as to alleviate their impact on public and individual health
prevention, upstream thinking
w/in context of ottawa charter, what is enabling?
signals empowerment, taking action with clients to empower them to gain control over their health & environ w/ goal of improving health
What is the nursing process?
assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation
What is disease?
abnormal alterations in the structure or functioning of body that fit within the medical model, disease follows an identifiable progression -disease course
What is illness?
personal experience of, perception of, & reaction to a disease whereby he/she is unable to function at desired “usual” level Chronic illness-particular trajectory-expected courses-illness trajectory- clt’s adapt differently to chronic illness
What is the primary level of disease & injury prevention?
prevent occurrence of disease
What is the secondary level of disease & injury prevention?
detect & stop disease from developing in those at risk
What is the tertiary level of disease & injury prevention?
reduce negative effects once disease is established
What is the organization responsible for protecting Canadians?
Health Canada - protect from current & emerging health threats
What is resiliency?
capacity of clients to manage effectively when faced with considerable adversity or risk
Lalonde report - what is it? what year? significance?
1974 - shift away from biomedical view, focus on risk factor behaviours (lifestyle changes), led to victim blaming, campaigns about smoking, drinking&driving, health education etc., Behavioural Approach
Alma-Ata Declaration what is it? year? significance?
1978 - addressed health inequality b/w developed & developing countries strategy= primary health care Identified social & environmental conditions as determinants of health
Ottawa Charter *** what is it? year? significance?
1986 - Defined concept of health promotion, expanded on determinants of health in discussion of prereqs for health (e.g. peace, shelter, stable ecosystem, social justice, equity) Identified strategies for practice: Advocate, Enable, Mediate to help clients achieve health goals Shift to Population Health Promotion (PHP)
What are the 5 major action areas (or health promotion strategies) of the Ottawa Charter?
Build healthy public policy (seat belt laws) Create supportive environments (e.g. smoke-free workplace) Strengthen community action (e.g. funding for heart health initiatives -healthy food choices in restaurants) Developing personal skills (e.g. community literacy programs) Reorienting health services (e.g. interdisciplinary community health centers)
What is the Canadian Framework for Health Promotion (Epp report)? year? significance?
1986 -national framework for health promotion, 3 health challenges: 1)reducing health inequalities b/w rich & poor 2) increasing prevention efforts 3) enhancing coping abilities (esp. chronic conditions, mental health, & disabilities) 3 mechanisms for change 1) self-care (individual level) 2) mutual aid (e.g. support groups) 3) creating healthy environments
Population Health Promotion (Hamilton & Bhatti) what is it? year? siginificance?
1996 - clarifies rel/ship between health promotion & pop’n health Synergistic rel/ship: 1) What : determinants of health, 2) Who (e.g. indiv, family, community, society) 3) How (strategies/action areas from ottawa charter)
What are the PHAC 8 key elements re: PHP
1) focus on health of pop’ns 2) Address determinants of health 3) base decisions on evidence 4) increase upstream investments 5) apply multiple interventions & strategies 6) collaborate accross sectors & levels 7) employ mechanism for public involvement 8) demonstrate accountability for health outcomes
What is the Biomedical Approach?
health promotion model focused on treatment & prevention of disease. esp. on biological & physiological risk factors assoc. with disease. Immunizatons and screening. sick>treatment>cured
What is the Behavioural Approach?
introduced with lalonde report, using lifestyle changes (particularly behavioural risk factors) to promote health campaigns to quit smoking or lose weight, victim-blaming
What is the Socioenvironmental Approach?
introduced with alma-ata - social and environmental determinants of health, health as a resource, psychosocial & environ risk factors associated with health e.g. poverty
What is the Romanow Report? year?
2002 A.K.A Royal Commission on the Future of Health in Canada
What is the Health Belief Model (HBM)?
psychological model that attempts to explain & predict health behaviours, done by focusing on the attitudes & beliefs of individuals. developed in 1950s, think about perceived susceptibility & perceived threat of disease influencing behaviour
What is the theory of reasoned action?
Theory of Reasoned Action suggests that a person’s behavior is determined by his/her intention to perform the behavior and that this intention is, in turn, a function of his/her attitude toward the behavior and his/her subjective norm. The best predictor of behavior is intention. Intention is the cognitive representation of a person’s readiness to perform a given behavior, and it is considered to be the immediate antecedent of behavior. This intention is determined by three things: their attitude toward the specific behavior, their subjective norms and their perceived behavioral control.
What is the transtheoretical model?
The transtheoretical model posits that health behavior change involves progress through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination
What is social cognitive theory?
Social cognitive theory provides a framework for understanding, predicting, and changing human behavior. The theory identifies human behavior as an interaction of personal factors, behavior, and the environment (Bandura 1977; Bandura 1986). (triangle)
In the model, the interaction between the person and behavior involves the influences of a person’s thoughts and actions.
What is Primary Health Care? (week 3)
Primary Health Care -health care philosophy AND model for health care reform
health promotion in primary HEALTH care is a social movement that realigns resources to address the determinants of health for all
principles: accessibilty, public participation, health promotion, appropriate technology, inter-sectorial cooperation
Difference b/w primary care & primary health care
primary care = 1st point of access to health care system and is medical care
primary health care= holistic model of care that includes primary care
Principles of Health Promotion
- involves population as a whole in context of everyday life
- directed toward action on determinants of health
- combines diverse & complementary approaches
- involve public or target audience participation
- health professionals have a role in enabling health promotion
what are the soc determinants of health?
Income and Social Status
Early Child Development
Education and Literacy
Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills
Gender
Culture
Biology and Genetic Endowment
Housing
Health Services
Physical Environment
Working Conditions
Social Environments
what are the two social determinants added by raphael?
aboriginal status
social exclusion
What is social justice?
Equity in society
the equitable, or fair, distribution of society’s benefits, responsibilities and their consequences. Relative position of the social advantage of one individual or social group in relation to others in society, as well as on the root causes of inequities and what can be done to eliminate them
CNA attributes of social justice
Equity
Human rights
Democracy and civil rights
Capacity building
Just institutions
Enabling environments
Poverty reduction
Ethical practice
Advocacy
Partnerships
3 priorities re: social justice
Equality of rights
Equality of opportunities
Equity in living conditions
what are 3 overarching reccomendations re; SDOH from WHO?
- improve daily living conditions
- tackle the inequitable distrib of power, money and resources
- measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of action
6 principles for settings approach to greening settings
- adopt an ecological ‘whole system’ perspective
- start where people are (listen to and respect lived experience, diverse forms of knowledge)
- practice rooted in place
- deepen the social analysis (connect lived experience to that of others and to the practices, structures that create & sustain inequity)
- asset-based/ appreciative inquiry approach
- build resilience (for change) instead of efficiency
overarching principles of earth charter
respect & care for community of life
Ecological Integrity
Social & Economic justice
Democracy, nonviolence & Peace
humans throwing earth off balance. how?
agriculture, deforestation, habitat fragmentation, sprawl, water control
RNAOs position on healthy energy
reduce consumption through conservation
increased reliance on renewable energy
Strategic use of natural gas
Cancel nuclear plants
Close coal plants
what is the key strategy of nurses re: healthy public policy?
policy advocacy - sdoh & policies that enable them are root of inequities
what is the plissit model
permission
limited information
specific suggestions
intensive therapy
4 characteristics of spirituality
relship with self, nature, others, deity
what do patients expect from nurses re: spirituality?
receptivity
humanity
competency
positivity
