3rd year semester 2 final exam midterm 1 material Flashcards
(63 cards)
how many Canadians are foreign born?
1 in 5
How do we ensure that we provide culturally sensitive and competent care?
self-awareness
Risk of death from a transfusion
1 in 200,000
DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation)
diffuse clotting of blood which blocks small arteries creating lack of blood flow
What is the most serious blood transfusion reaction?
acute hemolytic reaction - given wrong blood type
Most common transfusion reaction type (accounts for 90% of reactions)
febrile non-hemolytic
Most common transfusion-related cause of death
Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)
Potentially fatal reaction
WBCs form and occlude the microvasculature of lungs
things that can be done to prevent or manage high blood pressure
o Lifestyle modification
- reduce sodium, calorie reduced, DASH
- lose weight
- reduce alcohol
- lower “bad” fats – cholesterol
- exercise
- stress management
what is DASH?
diet to reduce hypertension
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
low fat dairy and lots of fruits and vegetables combined with salt restriction
Tetralogy of Fallot
o Ventricular septal defect
o Pulmonary stenosis
o Hypertrophy of R ventricle
o Overriding aorta
Priority action when someone experiencing chest pain
sit down & rest
what does MONA stand for?
*treatment for MI M - morphine for pain O - oxygen nasal prongs 2-4 L/min N - nitrates A - aspirin
symptoms of L-sided heart failure
o Fatigue o Dyspnea, shallow resp. o Orthopnea (SOB) in recumbent position o Dry, hacking cough o Pulmonary edema o Nocturia, oliguria, anuria o Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND) -sleep with head propped up on pillows
symptoms R-sided heart failure
o Fatigue ++
o Dependent edema
o Anorexia
o Nausea
most serious arrythmia
Ventricular tachycardia
tx: meds - IV lidocaine
cardioversion
aterial leg ulcer characteristics
Small, round, deep, punched out ulcers
Skin shiny, taut, thin, erythema, dry, cool,
Absent leg hair
*not exhaustive list
what size does an AAA have to be to have surgery?
> 5 cm
very risky surgery
bifurcation graft
Buerger’s disease
young men who have smoked for long time
what is virchow’s triad
*factors leading to thrombosis (re: DVT)
Venous stasis
Damaged endothelium of vein
Hypercoagulability of blood
DVT
women 35 or older who smoke & on birth control
Stasis Dermatitis
*d/t venous insufficiency
erythema, edema, scaling, and weeping of the lower leg and may be intensely pruritic
tx: skin barrier to protect the periwound skin from exudate; Dermatitis, scaling and pruritus can be controlled with zinc oxide i.e. (Viscopaste, Zip Zoc) bandaging; or topical steroids
controlling edema
Elevate feet above heart level Avoid prolonged sitting or standing Do ankle/toe flexion exercises Schedule frequent rest periods “A walk a day keeps the doctor away”
what is the cornerstone of managing venous ulcers?
compression!
what teaching is necessary to client about compression wraps?
Always document teaching provided to pt. & family i.e., “if you have increased pain, or a change in color of toes, take off compression wrap, and contact nurse/doctor”
