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HP&C > 3rd year semester 2 final exam midterm 1 material > Flashcards

3rd year semester 2 final exam midterm 1 material Flashcards

1
Q

how many Canadians are foreign born?

A

1 in 5

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2
Q

How do we ensure that we provide culturally sensitive and competent care?

A

self-awareness

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3
Q

Risk of death from a transfusion

A

1 in 200,000

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4
Q

DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation)

A

diffuse clotting of blood which blocks small arteries creating lack of blood flow

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5
Q

What is the most serious blood transfusion reaction?

A

acute hemolytic reaction - given wrong blood type

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6
Q

Most common transfusion reaction type (accounts for 90% of reactions)

A

febrile non-hemolytic

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7
Q

Most common transfusion-related cause of death

A

Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)
Potentially fatal reaction
WBCs form and occlude the microvasculature of lungs

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8
Q

things that can be done to prevent or manage high blood pressure

A

o Lifestyle modification

  • reduce sodium, calorie reduced, DASH
  • lose weight
  • reduce alcohol
  • lower “bad” fats – cholesterol
  • exercise
  • stress management
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9
Q

what is DASH?

A

diet to reduce hypertension
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
low fat dairy and lots of fruits and vegetables combined with salt restriction

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10
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

o Ventricular septal defect
o Pulmonary stenosis
o Hypertrophy of R ventricle
o Overriding aorta

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11
Q

Priority action when someone experiencing chest pain

A

sit down & rest

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12
Q

what does MONA stand for?

A 
*treatment for MI
M - morphine for pain
O - oxygen nasal prongs 2-4 L/min
N - nitrates
A - aspirin
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13
Q

symptoms of L-sided heart failure

A 
o	Fatigue
o	Dyspnea, shallow resp.
o	Orthopnea (SOB) in recumbent position
o	Dry, hacking cough
o	Pulmonary edema
o	Nocturia, oliguria, anuria
o	Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)
-sleep with head propped up on pillows
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14
Q

symptoms R-sided heart failure

A

o Fatigue ++
o Dependent edema
o Anorexia
o Nausea

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15
Q

most serious arrythmia

A

Ventricular tachycardia
tx: meds - IV lidocaine
cardioversion

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16
Q

aterial leg ulcer characteristics

A

Small, round, deep, punched out ulcers
Skin shiny, taut, thin, erythema, dry, cool,
Absent leg hair
*not exhaustive list

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17
Q

what size does an AAA have to be to have surgery?

A

> 5 cm
very risky surgery
bifurcation graft

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18
Q

Buerger’s disease

A

young men who have smoked for long time

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19
Q

what is virchow’s triad

A

*factors leading to thrombosis (re: DVT)
Venous stasis
Damaged endothelium of vein
Hypercoagulability of blood

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20
Q

DVT

A

women 35 or older who smoke & on birth control

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21
Q

Stasis Dermatitis

A

*d/t venous insufficiency
erythema, edema, scaling, and weeping of the lower leg and may be intensely pruritic
tx: skin barrier to protect the periwound skin from exudate; Dermatitis, scaling and pruritus can be controlled with zinc oxide i.e. (Viscopaste, Zip Zoc) bandaging; or topical steroids

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22
Q

controlling edema

A 
Elevate feet above heart level
Avoid prolonged sitting or standing
Do ankle/toe flexion exercises
Schedule frequent rest periods
“A walk a day keeps the doctor away”
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23
Q

what is the cornerstone of managing venous ulcers?

A

compression!

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24
Q

what teaching is necessary to client about compression wraps?

A

Always document teaching provided to pt. & family i.e., “if you have increased pain, or a change in color of toes, take off compression wrap, and contact nurse/doctor”

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25
Q

sensory neuropathy

A

bilateral, progressive, may have ø pain, high risk for mechanical, thermal & chemical trauma
Hypo or hyper aesthesia

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26
Q

motor neuropathy

A

changes in muscle/tendon anatomy, clawing of the toes, foot deformity, a change in gait = a change in pressure points = callous

27
Q

autonomic neuropathy

A

sympathetic nerve damage, no sweating, dry skin, cracks & fissures develop allowing fungi & bacteria to infiltrate

28
Q

sprain

A

injury to ligament (bone to bone)

stretched but not torn (first degree), 2nd (partial tear), 3rd (fully torn, maybe more than one)

29
Q

avulsion fracture

A

ligament pulls loose a fragment of bone

30
Q

subluxation

A

a partial dislocation

31
Q

hemarthrosis

A

bleeding into a joint space or cavity

32
Q

which is worse - 3rd degree sprain or bone fracture?

A

3rd degree sprain can be more painful and immobilizing and can take longer to heal

33
Q

sprain prevention

A

Stretching & warm up exercises: slow stretching, warming up muscles important.
Use elastic support or adhesive wrapping to support a weak/previous injured joint.

34
Q

What is the acronym RICE used for and what does it stand for?

A

*to treat a sprain
R - rest & limit movement of limb
I - ice first 24-48 hrs; then heat 48 hrs on (max 20 min)
C - compression to control swelling & pain
E - elevate above heart level to control swelling & improve circulation

+ analgesics & physitherapy

35
Q

what is a strain?

A

Stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon

36
Q

what is Tinel’s sign?

A

*test for carpal tunnel
Tap over the location of the median nerve
If tapping produces paresthesias (tingling/burning sensations) in the affected hand, CTS is supported

37
Q

what is Phalen’s Test?

A

*test for carpal tunnel
Place back of both hands together and hold the wrists in forced flexion for a full minute (stop at once if sharp pain occurs).
If this produces numbness or “pins & needles” along the thumb side half of the hand, client has median nerve entrapment (CTS).

38
Q

Torus fracture

A

buckle fracture

stable fracture

39
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

The fracture extends through a portion of the bone, causing it to bend on the other side

40
Q

Colles fracture

A

fracture of the distal radius, is one of the most common fractures in adults (we put hand out to break a fall)

41
Q

what are the most common fractures in children?

A

forearm & wrist

50% are greenstick or buckle (torus)

42
Q

what’s involved in pin care?

A

clean around pin site with sterile saline and Q-tips OD; may apply antibiotic ointment if ordered
*external fixation

43
Q

zimmer splint

A

post operative knee immobilizer
A canvas knee support with velcro closures
Locks the knee in extension and prevents motion of the joint
Used after an acute injury to the knee, such as a ligament rupture or a fracture
Crutches or walker are then used to assist with ambulation

44
Q

compartment syndrome

A

Progressive development of arterial compression and reduced blood supply within the myofascial compartment
edema creates pressure
a surgeon performs a fasciotomy- long incisions through the skin and fascia layer to reduce the compartment pressure

45
Q

6 Ps of Impending CS

A 
Pain
Pallor
Paralysis
paresthesia
pressure
pulselessness
46
Q

Homan’s sign

A

positive result when deep calf pain results from abrupt dorsiflexion of the ankle. Pain results from venous thrombosis or inflammation of the calf muscles

47
Q

clinical manifestations of hip fracture

A

External rotation of affected leg.
Muscle spasm.
Shortening of the affected leg.
Severe pain and tenderness in the region of fracture site

48
Q

whats the first thing you assess if unwitnessed fall?

A

hit head?

neuro assessment

49
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of the spine measuring 10 º or > on x-ray

50
Q

treatment osteoprosis

A

calcium; vitamin D; exercise; prevent falls; gain weightl stop smoking

51
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

systemic autoimmune disease causes inflammation in sinovial joints

52
Q

non joint symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Fatigue, anorexia, wt. loss.
RA (rheumatoid arthritis) nodules - very nobby
Sjogren syndrome 10-15% (dry eyes, mouth, mucus membranes)
Felty syndrome (inflammatory eye disorders, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, pulmonary disease & blood dyscrasias )

53
Q

Humira

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) blocker
for moderate to severe RA
treating inflammation
prevent further damage to bones and joints and improve ability to perform ADLs

54
Q

which disease is deep rest used for?

A

Fibromyalgia

55
Q

what are two things that trigger gout?

A

excessive alcohol

purines

56
Q

examples of purine-containing foods

A 
red meat & organ meats
game meat
shellfish
beans
mushrooms, spinach, asparagus, cauliflower
57
Q

what drug is used for acute gout and for recurrent gout?

A

acute - colchicine

recurrent - allopurinol

58
Q

what is a butterfly rash a sign of?

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

59
Q

what does skin look like with scleroderma?

A 
Hardening, tightening or thickening. 
Change in color. 
A shiny appearance. 
Loss of hair on affected areas. 
Reduction of skin creases.

can have rheumatoid ulcers characterized by scalloped edge which is unique to this

60
Q

Sjogren syndrome

A

*can happen with rheumatoid arhtritis

dry eyes, mouth, mucus membranes

61
Q

Felty syndrome

A

*can happen with rheumatoid arhtritis

inflammatory eye disorders, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, pulmonary disease and blood dyscrasias

62
Q

what range should one keep their sodium intake at when reducing sodium in diet?

A

limit to 1495-2300 mg/day of sodium

63
Q

what are basic exercise recommendations re: lifestyle mod for lowering HTN?

A

30-60 min/day 4-7 day/week

HP&C (8 decks)

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