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HP&C > 3rd year semester 2 final > Flashcards

3rd year semester 2 final Flashcards

1
Q

Serotonin

A

inhibitory
Sleep, mood, eating behavior
The pleasure neurotransmitter
mood disorders, anxiety and violence

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2
Q

norepinephrine

A

Excitatory
Arousal, wakefulness, learning
anxiety and addiction

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3
Q

GABA

A

gamma-amino butric acid
inhibitory
Anxiety states

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4
Q

Acetylcholine

A

excitatory

Arousal, attention, movement

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5
Q

Dopamine

A

inhibitory

Fine movement & emotional behaviour

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6
Q

most prevalent mental health disorder in Canada

A

anxiety

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7
Q

Major Mental Disorders – Canada

A
  1. Anxiety 12%
  2. Mood disorder 8.3%
  3. Personality disorder 7%
  4. Substance addiction 3.4%
  5. Self-harm 2%
  6. Schizophrenia 1%
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8
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) definition

A

• Increased levels of anxiety that affect functioning in 2 or more areas of life, for six months or longer
o social, occupational, or other important functioning

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9
Q

what is Acrophobia

A

fear of heights

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10
Q

what is Brontophobia

A

fear of thunderstorms

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11
Q

treatments for PTSD

A 
Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)
Prolonged Exposure
Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR)
Antidepressants
antianxiety agents
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12
Q

what is the drug to treat nightmares PTSD?

A

Prazosin

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13
Q

examples of dissociative symptoms

A

subjective sense of numbing; absence of emotional responsiveness; dissociative amnesia

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14
Q

what are positive symptoms (*schizophrenia)

A

*presence of something that is not normally present

Delusions; Hallucinations; Disorganized thinking; Abnormal motor behaviour

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15
Q

what are negative symptoms (*schizophrenia)

A

*absence of something that should be present but is not
Alogia - Poverty of speech; flattened affect; anhedonia - inability to experience pleasure; asociality; Avolition - lack of initiative or motivation; apathy; anergia - lack of energy

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16
Q

what does the term circumstantiality mean in relation to alteration of speech?

A

inclusion of unnecessary & tedious details

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17
Q

what does the term Neologisms mean in relation to alteration of speech?

A

made up words or using existing words that have meaning only for the client

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18
Q

what does the term Echolalia mean in relation to alteration of speech?

A

pathological repeating of another’s words

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19
Q

what is the cornerstone treatment of schizophrenia?

A

antipsychotics
Block dopamine receptors
Take 2-6 weeks for effect
Some clients who are not medication compliant are given depot (long-acting) injection (1-2 x month)

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20
Q

Extrapyramidal Side Effects (EPS) of antipsychotics

A 
Tardive Dyskinesia
Pseudoparkinsonism
Dystonia
Cogwheel rigidity
Opisthotonos 
Oculogyric crisis
Akathisia
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21
Q

LEAP approach

A

Listen - with compassion and genuineness
Empathize - conveying understanding of what client is feeling
Agree - to support client’s goals & refrain from judgement
Partner - provide a respectful, collaborative environment

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22
Q

Schizophreniform disorder

A

similar to schizophrenia, but duration of illness is < 6 months

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23
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

major depressive, manic, or mixed mood episode presenting concurrently with symptoms of schizophrenia

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24
Q

Brief Psychotic disorder

A

sudden onset of psychosis lasting < 1 month, often precipitated by extreme stressors

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25
Q

highest mortality rate of all psychiatric illnesses

A

anorexia 10%

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26
Q

when does bulimia first occur?

A

early teens to mid-20’s

rarely seen under 12

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27
Q

when does anorexia first occur?

A

b/t 7 and 12

28
Q

what is russel’s sign & what is it a sign of?

A

scarred knuckles, self-induced vomiting, bulimia

29
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary lifestyle

30
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

characterized by a need for social isolation, anxiety in social situations, odd behaviour and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs

31
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

characterized by a long-standing pattern of attention seeking behaviour and extreme emotionality

32
Q

Common signs of Autism

A

impaired social interaction
may be unresponsive to people or focus intently on one item to the exclusion of others for long periods of time
fail to respond to their names and often avoid eye contact
Difficulty understanding social cues
Repetitive movements
speak later than others
may refer to self by name

33
Q

what is the concept of neurodiversity?

A

suggesting that neurological differences be recognized and respected as a social category on a par with gender, ethnicity, class, or disability
Viewed as a variation of human wiring, rather than disease

34
Q

definition of ADHD

A

before age 7, continue for at least 6 months

create a real handicap 2 or more areas

35
Q

what’s the first thing you should think of when an elderly patient is confused?

A

Infection!

*Infection such as a UTI or pneumonia may be present in the elderly with no signs except for a CHANGE IN MENTAL STATUS

36
Q

what is the most common, reversible cause of delirium?

A

medications

37
Q

Atypical Cognitive Changes aging

A
  • short-term memory loss
  • Disorientation, confusion
  • Repetition of ideas
  • going on tangents
  • Impaired judgement
  • Lack of insight
  • Changes in personality
38
Q

what percentages of dementia are neurodegenerative & ischemic?

A

80% neurodegenerative

20% ischemic

39
Q

what are the 1st and 2nd most commone types of dementa

A

1st - Alzheimer’s

2nd - vascular dementia

40
Q

what is Apraxia ?

A

impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function

41
Q

what is Agnosia ?

A

failure to recognize or identify objects despite intact sensory function

42
Q

what is Pick’s disease?

A

Frontotemporal Dementia
-Brain shrinkage and reduced function
Age of onset 50-60 years

43
Q

what is Anomia ?

A

difficulty remembering words

44
Q

what is Hyperorality?

A

taste/chew everything

45
Q

what is Hypermetamorphosis?

A

touching everything in sight

46
Q

Medications for early to moderate stages of Alzheimer’s

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

  • prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine
  • May delay worsening of symptoms for 6 to 12 months, on average, for about half the people who take them
47
Q

what are the names of Cholinesterase inhibitor drugs?

A

Donepezil - all stages of AD
Rivastigmine - mild to moderate AD
Reminyl - mild to moderate AD

48
Q

Medication for moderate to severe stages of Alzheimer’s

A

Memantine

  • activity of glutamate
  • To improve memory, attention, reason, language and ability to perform simple tasks
49
Q

definition of major depression

A

• Depressed mood or diminished interest/pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day FOR 2 WEEKS

50
Q

what does vegetative mean and what are the vegetative signs of depression?

A

Nutrition - anorexia
Sleep - insomnia
Self-care deficits
Elimination - Constipation

51
Q

what is the most severe type of bipolar disorder?

A

Bipolar I Disorder

manic or mixed episodes that last at least 7 days

52
Q

what is distinctive about bipolar II?

A

manic episodes are hypomanic

whereas bipolar I goes all the way to hypermanic

53
Q

what is cyclothymic disorder

A

mild form of bipolar

-Episodes of hypomania as well as mild depression for at least 2 years

54
Q

what is rapid cycling?

A

4 or more mood episodes in a 12 month period

55
Q

what is the first line treatment of bipolar?

A

lithium

o Need good kidney function and adequate daily fluid intake and monitor salt intake

56
Q

how does suicide rank in terms of leading causes of death in Canada?

A

9th

57
Q

what is the suicide rate in Nunavut?

A

27.8 per 100 000

58
Q

ISPATHWARM what is this acronym used for & what does each letter mean?

A

warning signs of suicide
ideation; substance use; purposelessness; anxiety or agitation; trapped; hopelessness or helplessness; withdrawal; anger; recklessness; mood change

59
Q

SADPERSONS what is this acronym used for & what does each letter mean?

A 
triage in ER re: suicidal
Sex (male)
Age (<19 or >45)
Depression
Previous suicide attempt
Ethanol abuse
Rational thinking loss
Social supports lacking
Organized plan
No spouse
Sickness (chronic, debilitating disease)

1 point for each
<2 = discharge with outpatient psych eval
3-6 = consider hospitalization or very close f/u
7 or more = hospitalization

60
Q

Date PAD was legalized

A

June 6th, 2016, legalized in Canada

61
Q

What is existential distress?

A
  • The experience of life with little or no meaning
  • It is defined as a state of powerlessness that arises from one’s confrontation with one’s own mortality and results in the consequent feelings of disappointment, futility and remorse that disrupt one’s engagement with and purpose in life
62
Q

Rigor mortis

A

o Stiffening of the body
-d/t lack of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
o Rigor begins 2-4 hrs after death and ceases at about 96 hr after death
o Nurses role: to have deceased appear natural (for family viewing), close eyes & mouth, position body in good alignment, and put in dentures

63
Q

Algor mortis

A

o Gradual decrease of body temperature after death
o Body temp falls 1º C per hour until it reaches room temperature
o The skin loses its elasticity and can be damaged easily
o Nurses role: handle body carefully, gently remove any dressings or tape

64
Q

Livor mortis

A

o After blood circulation has ceased, the red blood cells break down, releasing hemoglobin, which discolours surrounding tissues
o This discolouration appears in the lowermost/dependent areas of the body

65
Q

normal BMI

A

18.5-24.9

66
Q

severely underweight BMI

A

under 16

67
Q

morbid obesity BMI

A

either 40
or
35 or greater + 1 obesity-related health condition

HP&C (8 decks)

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