FIRST LONG TEST 08-28-2017 Flashcards by Heyho Unknown

Is a plausible or scientifically acceptable
general principle or body of principles offered
to explain a phenomena

theory

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 is set of assumptions, propositions, or accepted
facts that attempts to provide a plausible or
rational explanation of cause-and-effect

theory

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all existing matter and space considered

as a whole

Universe

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is the religious belief that
the universe and life originated “from specific acts of divine
creation

Creationism

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The basis for many creationists’ beliefs is a literal or quasiliteral
interpretation of the Old Testament, especially from
stories from the book of Genesis

Divine origin theory

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The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the

story of a creator god

mbombo or bumba

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the primal man whose
head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky,
earth, sun, and moon respectively

Purusha,

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Original state of the cosmos was a primordial
mixture of all of its ingredients which existed in
infinitesimally small fragments of themselves.

Primordial Universe Theory

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It was set into motion by the mind or

nous

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 A whirling motion sifted and separated the
ingredients, ultimately producing cosmos of
separated materials objects with different
properties that can be seen today

Primordial Universe Theory

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smallest unit of matter

ATOM –

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Leucippus and Democritus

Atomic Universe Theory

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The universe was composed of very small, indivisible

and indestructible atoms

Atomic Universe Theory

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 All objects in the universe are made up of Atoms.

Atomic Universe Theory

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The universe is like a

body

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Earth stayed motionless and everything was

revolving around it

Aristotle and Ptolemy

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The motions of the celestial body can be explained

without putting the Earth in the center

Copernicus

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Even the Solar system is not in the center of the
universe-it is merely just another solar system among
an infinite multitude of others

Giordano Bruno

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The universe is gravitationally balanced

but essentially unstable

steady-state

Theory

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Matter on a large scale is evenly

distributed

steady-state

Theory

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Static, steady-state, infinite universe

steady-state

Theory

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The earliest workings
towards the design of
the refracting
telescope were
made by germandutch
lensmaker

HANS
LIPPERSHEY (above)
in 1608

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american
astronomer showed that the
universe was
static.

EDWIN HUBBLE

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The now discredited steady state model of the

universe was proposed in 1948 by

Bondi, Gould and

Hoyle.

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It maintains that new matter is created as the universe | expands thereby maintaining its density

Steady-State Theory

Its predictions led to tests and its eventual rejection with the discovery of the cosmic microwave background.

Steady-State Theory

Describes the universe as expanding , having originated from an infinitely dense point around 13.8 billion years ago

Big Bang Theory

was not present at the beginning of time, there was only pure energy in a single point called singularity.

Matter

Major Proponent of the Big Bang Theory Belgian Roman Catholic Priest 1927

George Lemaitre

Edwin Hubble’s observation of galaxies

George Lemaitre

Discover of the Cosmic Microwave background | radiation

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson

Cosmic Inflation Theory

Alan Guth and Andrei Linde

The early universe was rapidly | expanding of energy.

Cosmic Inflation Theory

Homogeneity of objects 2. Gradually loses the curvature of objects 3. Formation of stars and star systems

states that the Sun encountered a rogue star and due to the gravitational encounter of the two, hot gases were removed from both stars the material from the rogue star is less dense, forming the outer planets and materials from the Sun is denser forming the inner planets

ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS

states that the Sun encountered a and due encounter of the two, hot gases were removed from both stars

rogue star | gravitational encounter

the material from the rogue star is, orming the outer planets and materials from the is denser forming the inner planets

s less dense, forming | Sun

suggests that a cloud of gas and dust (about 10 million km in diameter) rotated slowly and begin to collapse

PROTOPLANET HYPOTHESIS

it states that solar systems have their origins in rotating disks of dust coated in ice from frozen gases, which

slowly grow into planets

proposed by Immanuel Kant and Pierre Simon Laplace

NEBULAR THEORY

suggests that the Solar System was formed from a slowly rotating cloud of gas or nebula, that collapsed and flattened with a hot central region known as the Sun, and the remaining materials became the planets and everything else

NEBULAR THEORY

suggests that the Solar System was formed as result of the condensation of hydrogen gas (interstellar gas) and dust (dust cloud) which was triggered by an explosion of a supernova, thus, forming the Sun and the planets

SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY

the gas and dust cloud collapse due to the

FORCE OF GRAVITY

also known as the Ptolemy System / Earth-centered System

GEOCENTRIC MODEL

states that the earth is at the center and all the planets and the sun is orbiting around it

GEOCENTRIC MODEL

supported the geocentric theory. He is one of the most influential Greek astronomer, geographer and mathematician of the time

CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY

also known as the Copernican System / Sun-centered System

HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

with the sun in the middle and all the other planets moving around it in the same direction

HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

introduced this In the early 1500’s

Nicolaus Copernicus

SOLAR SYSTEM: Properties and Current Information

The orbits of all planets are almost in the same plane. The planetary orbits are nearly circular. The orbits of the planet are nearly in the same plane as the rotation of the sun. All planets revolve around the sun in counterclockwise direction. The Solar System also contains asteroids and comets.

are Jupiter-like planets

Jovian Planets

they are referred to as gas giants since they are made up mostly of hydrogen and helium it includes Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune

Jovian Planets

are Earth-like planets

Terrestrial Planets

they are composed mostly of dense, rocky, and metallic materials it includes Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars

Terrestrial Planets

Inferior Planets

are located inside the Earth’s orbit, which include Mercury and Venus

Superior Planets

are located outside Earth’s orbit, which include Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune

``` Closest planet to the sun Second smallest planet Has no moons Surface - many craters Messenger of the Roman gods ```

MERCURY

``` Second planet from the sun Brightest object in the sky Twin planet of the earth Hottest planet Sulfuric acid – yellow white color No moon Surface - craters, fault-like cracks and volcanoes Named after Roman goddess of love and beauty ```

VENUS

``` Third planet Only living planet where life is known to exist Has abundant liquid water and atmosphere Has moderate surface temperature One large moon ```

EARTH

``` Red planet – iron oxide (soil and dust) Thin atmosphere (carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen) Has water in its atmosphere Has two irregularly shaped moons Roman God of War ```

MARS

``` Largest planet Has atmosphere (hydrogen, helium with some ammonia, methane and water vapor) Has very small, faint dust rings Great Red Spot Has 63 moons Named for the Roman King of gods ```

JUPITER

Second largest planet but has the lowest density Has complex ring system Gaseous planet Thick atmosphere (hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane and water vapor) Has 31 moons Roman God of Agriculture

SATURN

``` Third largest planet 11 thin, dark rings Has 21 moons Gaseous planet Bluish green planet – Methane Father of Saturn ```

URANUS

``` Eighth planet has atmosphere (methane) Has a dark colored storm – Great Dark Spot 11 moons and several rings Roman God of Sea ```

NEPTUNE

• Four subsystems

hydrosphere b. biosphere c. geosphere d. atmosphere

Makes up 71% of Earth’s surface.

hydrosphere

Earth’s water can appear in any of its three phases. ➢ It interacts with other Earth’s spheres through the

water cycle

salty water

fresh water

part of the hydrosphere is important to living things.

freshwater

s the largest reservoir of fresh water available to humans.

griundwater

WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT

Water could be in liquid form, not just solid and gas. Water has a neutral pH. Water is a good conductor of heat and energy. Water is a universal solvent.

``` It is the biological component of the Earth. ➢ It encompasses all the living things found on other spheres. ➢ It includes all of the microbes, plants and animals ```

BIOSPHERE

``` It covers the visible solid layer to the center of the Earth. ➢ It deals with the solid components (landforms, rocks and layers of the Earth) ```

GEOSPHERE

It has a depth of making | it the largest of the earth’s sphere.

6,400 km

Based on chemical composition

Crust 2. Mantle 3. Core

Based on physical properties

. Lithosphere 2. Asthenosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Inner Core 5. Outer Core

it occupies aboutof Earth’s | volume

``` thick (10 – 70 km) - buoyant (less dense than oceanic crust) - some of the oldest rocks ```

Continental Crust

- thin (7 km) - dense (sinks under continental crust) - young rocks

Oceanic Crust

``` it is the separation between the crust and the upper mantle ```

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

``` it comprises 82% of Earth’s volume ➢ a dense, hot layer of semi-solid rock ➢ it is approximately 2,900 km thick ➢ it is divided into the upper and lower mantle ```

MANTLE

it separates the mantle and the outer core

Gutenberg Discontinuity

it is made up of ironnickel alloy making it very dense

CORE

``` about 2,260 km thick; its liquid movement is responsible for Earth’s magnetic field ```

OUTER CORE

``` contains more iron than nickel; is solid despite of its high temperature because of the extreme pressure at the center of the Earth ```

INNER CORE

The boundary between the outer | and inner core is the

Lehmann Discontinuity

It is the hottest part of the core.

Lehmann Discontinuity

Based on physical properties

. Lithosphere 2. Asthenosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Inner Core 5. Outer Core

Outermost, rigid layer

LITHOSPHERE

Made up of two parts

the crust | 2. upper part of the mantle

It is divided into pieces called as

tectonic plates

plastic layer of the mantle which the | tectonic plates move

ASTHENOSPHERE

“middle” - strong lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core

MESO | MESOSPHERE

``` It is the thin life-giving gaseous envelope of Earth. ➢ It is the “a sea of air” that forms a protective covering around the planet ```

ATMOSPHERE