FINALS FIRST SEM Flashcards
broad discipline of biochemistry that focuses on energy transformations within living organisms,andthe efficiency of energy transfers between different organisms
BIOENERGETICS
is essential to life.
Light energy
3 Basic Parts of Cells
CYTOPLASM
CELL MEMBRANE
(Plasma Membrane)
Nucleus
The part where the main life activities occur Most Organelles are suspended Known as a “complex fluid” that fills the cell It is responsible for the distribution of materials throughout the cell
Nucleus “Control center of the cell”
Directs and coordinates all
cellular activities
CYTOPLASM
Flexible and elastic Selective parmeable membrane which regulates the entry and exit of materials
CELL MEMBRANE
Plasma Membrane
Directs and coordinates all
cellular activities
Nucleus “Control center of the cell”
Mitochondrion (Mitochondria) “Power house of the cell” Functions in energy production through metabolism Energy in the form of ATP (Adenosinetriphosphate)
Mitochondrion
Mitochondria
Membrane-bound and fluid
filled organelle which stores
water, food, or waste of the
cells
Vacuole Membrane
Modifies, packs and sorts
out excretory materials
Consists of short bands of
parallel cavities or flat sacs
Golgi Body
Golgi Apparatus
Digests or breaks down cell debris Similar to mitochondrion except that its inner walls are not thrown into folds “SUICIDAL SAC OF THE CELL”
Lysosome
Digests or breaks down cell debris Similar to mitochondrion except that its inner walls are not thrown into folds “SUICIDAL SAC OF THE CELL”
Lysosome
It is an intricate system of very fine tubes or cavities Network of pathways through which materials flow to the different parts of the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell - covered with ribosomes (causing the “rough” appearance) which are
RER (Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum)
- NO ribosomes
- network of interconnected
membranes forming
channels within the cell - site for lipid synthesis and
metabolism as well as
detoxifying chemicals
SER (Smooth
Endoplasmic Reticulum
a double layered
membrane that encloses
the nucleus
- outer membrane is \_\_\_\_\_ - separates nuclear contents form the cytoplasm
Nuclear Membrane -
POROUS (Absorbent/
permeable)
dense, spherical, body
inside the nucleus
- contains RNA aka _______
Nucleolus -
Ribonucleic Acid
Nucleoplasm/Nuclear Sap -
- gel-like material that fills the nucleus - matrix of the chromosomes and nucleolus
- highly could structures that form a network over the nucleoplasm - carries genes for hereditary characteristics
Chromosomes
two small rods at right
angles
- Responsible for the
formation of spindle fibers
Centrioles -
- “Protein factories“
- Attached to the RER or
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosomes - “
composed of cellulose (polysaccharide) - provides mechanical support and maintains cell shape in plant cells
Cell Wall -
organelles found in PLANT CELLS that conduct photosynthesis - absorbs sunlight - surrounded by a double membrane, counting stacked of thylakoid membranes
Chloroplasts
_
- organisms that make their own food (selffeeders)
- Energy coming from THE SUN AND CARBON
DIOXIDE
(a) ______
- light dependent organism
- Energy from sunlight and convert it to usable
energy (sugar)
(b) ______
energy from chemicals, mainly inorganic
substances such as hydrogen sulfide and
ammonia
- Chemical-dependent organism
Autotrophs (producers)
(a) Photoautotrophs
(b) Chemoautotrophs
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (consumers) = According to mode of nutrition = a. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - feed on decaying organic matter, nutrients from dead or organic matter (Fungi) b.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- feed on living tissues c. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - feed on solid organic matter • \_\_\_\_\_\_ • \_\_\_\_\_\_ • \_\_\_\_\_\_
Heterotrophs
a. Saprobionts (saprophytes)
b. Parasitic Organisms (parasites)
c. Holozoic Heterotrophs -
- Herbivores
- Carnivores
- Omnivores
- what is the chemical name
- made during photosynthesis
- ATP
- stores smaller amount of energy than glucose
molecules - energy-carrying molecules used by the cell
Formed from:
Glucose
- C6 H12 O6
ATP
- Adenosine Triphosphate
- Adenine (Nitrogenous Base)
- Ribose (5 carbon-sugar)
- Phosphate
PHOTOSYNTHESIS - anabolic process where green plants, algae and certain bacteria converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy 1.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-Occurs in the plant’s chloroplasts
Three Stages:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Chloroplasts captures light
- Water enters the leaf
- CO2 Enters the leaf through stomata
- Chemical reactions
- Sugar leaves the leaf
(1) capturing energy from sunlight
(2) Making ATP
(3) Building Carbohydrates
P: Capturing Energy from Sunlight light consists of tiny packets of energy called PHOTONS Pigments Chlorophyll (absorbs the read and blue light and reflects green light)
Stage 1:
p: Making ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Thylakoid is surrounded by a liquid substance called Stroma Chlorophyll pigments are grouped called Photosystem
Stage 2:
Building Carbohydrates
Uses ATP and NADPH
Involves formation of organic
molecules
Stage 3:
- ____________=creates ATP and releases Oxygen
- ____________ = uses ATP to
make Glucose
Light Reaction/Light-dependent reaction
Dark Reaction/Light-independent
catabolic-process of chain reactions
- convert stored energy to usable ATP
- Occurs in every cell in both animals and plants
- Process that converts glucose and oxygen to
ATP and releases carbon dioxide and water
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- Uses Oxygen and yields many more ATP
molecules than anaerobic cellular respiration
- Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration :
- Glyco = “sugar/sweet”
- Lysis = “breakdown/
splitting” - DOES NOT REQUIRE
OXYGEN - Glucose molecule splits
into two molecules called
pyruvates (pyruvic acid),
takes place in the
cytoplasm of the cell
Stage 1:
Glycolysis
Aerobic respiration :
- Acetyl CoA (formed from pyruvate) - main function: produce NADH and FADH2 - ATP will aslo be produced together with CO2 as a waste product
Stage 2:
Krebs Cycle
Aerobic respiration : ] - series of photon pumps which takes place in: * inner membrane of mitochondrion - animals * chloroplasts - plants - NADH and FADH2 transferred to ADP to produce ATP, OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION - Produces 32 up to 43 ATP molecules
Stage 3:
Electron Transport Chain
- Does NOT require oxygen, produces small
amounts of energy
- Anaerobic Respiration
a process used by many
fungi (yeasts) and plants
Alcoholic Fermentation
Occrs in muscle cells in the
body,
______- a waste product
of fermentation
Gives cheese different
flavors
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid
- produces identical offspring
from a single parent plant, eliminates GENETIC
RECOMBINATION
___________
- Type of reproduction in plants from its vegetative
parts or specialized reproductive structures
- Asexual Reproduction
Natural Vegetative Reproduction
Specialized Structures
1. - long horizontal stems that run
aboveground
2. - underground stems that allow some plants to
form network and produce their kind
3. specialized underground stems for storage and
reproduction
4. - are short, vertical underground stems
5. - arise from the meristematic tissues
located along the notches of the leaves
6. - give rise to other plants; common among
apples, cherries black berry plants, and many
angiosperms
Stolons or Runners
Rhizomes
Tubers
Bulbs and Corms
Adventitious Plantlet
Sprouts
“artificial plant
propagation, faster than growing plants from seeds
Artificial Propagation Methods
Leaves or pieces of stems or roots are cut from one plant and planted in soil ex:
Ornamental trees
and shrubs
CUTTING
] Small stems from one plant and are attached to larger stems or roots of another plant
ex:
Some fruit and nut
trees (oranges)
BUDDING &
GRAFTING
pieces of tissues from one plant are placed on a sterile medium and used to grow new individuals in mass numbers ex:
Orchids, potatoes,
many house
plants
TISSUE
CULTURE
- commonly known as the flowering
plants, reproduce sexually through their flowers. Seedproducing
flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed
within an ovary.
•
Angiosperms
- Seed-producing non-flowering plants
whose seeds are unenclosed or “naked.”
Gymnosperms
PARTS OF A FLOWER Male 1. - male reproductive part 2. - make tiny grains called pollen, which contain male sex cells 3. - holds up the anther
Stamen
Anther
Filamen
Female 1. female reproductive part 2. - top part of the carpel with stick surface to trap pollen 3. - joins the stigma and the ovary 4. - contains female sex cells called '
Pistil STIGMA STYLE OVARY OVULES
Others:
1.- leaf-green structures protecting the bud as the
flower develops, the CALYX of the flower
2. - make the flowers attractive, called COROLLA
3. - has both male and female sex org
Sepals
Petals
Hermaphrodites
- the transfer of poles grains from the stamen to the stigma
POLLINATION
Types:
1. ______ - pollen is transferred to the stigmas of
the same flower or the stigma of another flower on the
same plant.
2.______ - so pollen must be transferred to the
stigma of another plant if sexual reproduction is to take
place.
* The ovary swells up and ripens to form a fruit, which may
contain one or many seeds
Self Pollination
Cross pollination.
SEED Consists: • - protects the internal parts • [ - food for the growing embryo • Embryo (three parts) 1. Hypocotyl - lower part 2. Epicotyl - upper part 3. Radicle or Embryonic Root - become The primary root
Seed Coat
Endosperm
Embryo
Hypocotyl -
- Epicotyl -
- Radicle or Embryonic Root
- reproductive structure in which a plant embryo and a food
source are contained within a seed coat
Seed
- by wind, water, animal, or explosion
Seed Dispersal
- process which a new plant grows from a seed
- growth stage of a plant embryo
- leads to maturity, which leads to reproduction
Germination
