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SCIENCE H11C LONG TEST > FINALS FIRST SEM > Flashcards

FINALS FIRST SEM Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

broad discipline of biochemistry that focuses on energy transformations within living organisms,andthe efficiency of energy transfers between different organisms

A

BIOENERGETICS

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2
Q

is essential to life.

A

Light energy

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3
Q

3 Basic Parts of Cells

A

CYTOPLASM
CELL MEMBRANE
(Plasma Membrane)

Nucleus

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4
Q 
The part where the main life
activities occur
Most Organelles are
suspended
Known as a “complex fluid”
that fills the cell
It is responsible for the
distribution of materials
throughout the cell

Nucleus “Control center of the cell”
Directs and coordinates all
cellular activities

A

CYTOPLASM

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5
Q 
Flexible and elastic
Selective parmeable
membrane which regulates
the entry and exit of
materials
A

CELL MEMBRANE

Plasma Membrane

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6
Q

Directs and coordinates all

cellular activities

A

Nucleus “Control center of the cell”

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7
Q 
Mitochondrion
(Mitochondria)
“Power house of the cell”
Functions in energy
production through
metabolism
Energy in the form of ATP
(Adenosinetriphosphate)
A

Mitochondrion

Mitochondria

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8
Q

Membrane-bound and fluid
filled organelle which stores
water, food, or waste of the
cells

A

Vacuole Membrane

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9
Q

Modifies, packs and sorts
out excretory materials
Consists of short bands of
parallel cavities or flat sacs

A

Golgi Body

Golgi Apparatus

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10
Q 
Digests or breaks down cell
debris
Similar to mitochondrion
except that its inner walls
are not thrown into folds
“SUICIDAL SAC OF THE
CELL”
A

Lysosome

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11
Q 
Digests or breaks down cell
debris
Similar to mitochondrion
except that its inner walls
are not thrown into folds
“SUICIDAL SAC OF THE
CELL”
A

Lysosome

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12
Q 
It is an intricate system of
very fine tubes or cavities
Network of pathways
through which materials flow
to the different parts of the
cytoplasm
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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13
Q 
- network of interconnected
membranes forming
channels within the cell
- covered with ribosomes
(causing the “rough”
appearance) which are
A

RER (Rough Endoplasmic

Reticulum)

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14
Q
  • NO ribosomes
  • network of interconnected
    membranes forming
    channels within the cell
  • site for lipid synthesis and
    metabolism as well as
    detoxifying chemicals
A

SER (Smooth

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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15
Q

a double layered
membrane that encloses
the nucleus

- outer membrane is
\_\_\_\_\_
- separates nuclear
contents form the
cytoplasm
A

Nuclear Membrane -

POROUS (Absorbent/
permeable)

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16
Q

dense, spherical, body
inside the nucleus
- contains RNA aka _______

A

Nucleolus -

Ribonucleic Acid

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17
Q

Nucleoplasm/Nuclear Sap -

A 
- gel-like material that fills
the nucleus
- matrix of the
chromosomes and
nucleolus
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18
Q 
- highly could structures
that form a network over
the nucleoplasm
- carries genes for
hereditary characteristics
A

Chromosomes

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19
Q

two small rods at right
angles
- Responsible for the
formation of spindle fibers

A

Centrioles -

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20
Q
  • “Protein factories“
  • Attached to the RER or
    Rough Endoplasmic
    Reticulum
A

Ribosomes - “

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21
Q 
composed of cellulose
(polysaccharide)
- provides mechanical
support and maintains cell
shape in plant cells
A

Cell Wall -

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22
Q 
organelles found in
PLANT CELLS that
conduct photosynthesis
- absorbs sunlight
- surrounded by a double
membrane, counting
stacked of thylakoid
membranes
A

Chloroplasts

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23
Q

_
- organisms that make their own food (selffeeders)
- Energy coming from THE SUN AND CARBON
DIOXIDE

(a) ______
- light dependent organism
- Energy from sunlight and convert it to usable
energy (sugar)
(b) ______
energy from chemicals, mainly inorganic
substances such as hydrogen sulfide and
ammonia
- Chemical-dependent organism

A

Autotrophs (producers)

(a) Photoautotrophs
(b) Chemoautotrophs

24
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (consumers)
= According to mode of nutrition =
a. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - feed on decaying
organic matter, nutrients from dead or organic
matter (Fungi)
b.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- feed on living
tissues
c. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - feed on solid organic
matter
• \_\_\_\_\_\_
• \_\_\_\_\_\_
• \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Heterotrophs

a. Saprobionts (saprophytes)
b. Parasitic Organisms (parasites)
c. Holozoic Heterotrophs -

  • Herbivores
  • Carnivores
  • Omnivores
25
Q
  • what is the chemical name
  • made during photosynthesis
  • ATP
  • stores smaller amount of energy than glucose
    molecules
  • energy-carrying molecules used by the cell

Formed from:

A

Glucose
- C6 H12 O6

ATP
- Adenosine Triphosphate

  1. Adenine (Nitrogenous Base)
  2. Ribose (5 carbon-sugar)
  3. Phosphate
26
Q 
PHOTOSYNTHESIS - anabolic process where green plants, algae and
certain bacteria converts light energy from the
sun into chemical energy
1.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
5. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

-Occurs in the plant’s chloroplasts
Three Stages:

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

  1. Chloroplasts captures light
  2. Water enters the leaf
  3. CO2 Enters the leaf through stomata
  4. Chemical reactions
  5. Sugar leaves the leaf

(1) capturing energy from sunlight
(2) Making ATP
(3) Building Carbohydrates

27
Q 
P:
Capturing Energy from
Sunlight
light consists of tiny packets
of energy called PHOTONS
Pigments
Chlorophyll (absorbs the
read and blue light and
reflects green light)
A

Stage 1:

28
Q 
p:
Making ATP (Adenosine
Triphosphate)
Thylakoid is surrounded by a
liquid substance called
Stroma
Chlorophyll pigments are
grouped called
Photosystem
A

Stage 2:

29
Q

Building Carbohydrates
Uses ATP and NADPH
Involves formation of organic
molecules

A

Stage 3:

30
Q
  1. ____________=creates ATP and releases Oxygen
  2. ____________ = uses ATP to
    make Glucose
A

Light Reaction/Light-dependent reaction

Dark Reaction/Light-independent

31
Q

catabolic-process of chain reactions
- convert stored energy to usable ATP
- Occurs in every cell in both animals and plants
- Process that converts glucose and oxygen to
ATP and releases carbon dioxide and water

A

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

32
Q
  • Uses Oxygen and yields many more ATP

molecules than anaerobic cellular respiration

A
  1. Aerobic Respiration
33
Q

Aerobic respiration :

  • Glyco = “sugar/sweet”
  • Lysis = “breakdown/
    splitting”
  • DOES NOT REQUIRE
    OXYGEN
  • Glucose molecule splits
    into two molecules called
    pyruvates (pyruvic acid),
    takes place in the
    cytoplasm of the cell
A

Stage 1:

Glycolysis

34
Q

Aerobic respiration :

- Acetyl CoA (formed from
pyruvate)
- main function: produce
NADH and FADH2
- ATP will aslo be produced
together with CO2 as a
waste product
A

Stage 2:

Krebs Cycle

35
Q 
Aerobic respiration : 
]
- series of photon pumps
which takes place in:
* inner membrane of
mitochondrion - animals
* chloroplasts - plants
- NADH and FADH2
transferred to ADP to
produce ATP, OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
- Produces 32 up to 43
ATP molecules
A

Stage 3:

Electron Transport Chain

36
Q
  • Does NOT require oxygen, produces small

amounts of energy

A
  1. Anaerobic Respiration
37
Q

a process used by many

fungi (yeasts) and plants

A

Alcoholic Fermentation

38
Q

Occrs in muscle cells in the
body,

______- a waste product
of fermentation
Gives cheese different
flavors

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Lactic Acid

39
Q
  • produces identical offspring
    from a single parent plant, eliminates GENETIC
    RECOMBINATION

___________
- Type of reproduction in plants from its vegetative
parts or specialized reproductive structures

A
  1. Asexual Reproduction

Natural Vegetative Reproduction

40
Q

Specialized Structures
1. - long horizontal stems that run
aboveground
2. - underground stems that allow some plants to
form network and produce their kind
3. specialized underground stems for storage and
reproduction
4. - are short, vertical underground stems
5. - arise from the meristematic tissues
located along the notches of the leaves
6. - give rise to other plants; common among
apples, cherries black berry plants, and many
angiosperms

A

Stolons or Runners

Rhizomes

Tubers

Bulbs and Corms

Adventitious Plantlet

Sprouts

41
Q

“artificial plant

propagation, faster than growing plants from seeds

A

Artificial Propagation Methods

42
Q 
Leaves or pieces
of stems or roots
are cut from one
plant and planted
in soil
ex:

Ornamental trees
and shrubs

A

CUTTING

43
Q 
]
Small stems from
one plant and are
attached to larger
stems or roots of
another plant

ex:

Some fruit and nut
trees (oranges)

A

BUDDING &

GRAFTING

44
Q 
pieces of tissues
from one plant are
placed on a sterile
medium and used
to grow new
individuals in
mass numbers
ex:

Orchids, potatoes,
many house
plants

A

TISSUE

CULTURE

45
Q
  • commonly known as the flowering
    plants, reproduce sexually through their flowers. Seedproducing
    flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed
    within an ovary.
    •
A

Angiosperms

46
Q
  • Seed-producing non-flowering plants

whose seeds are unenclosed or “naked.”

A

Gymnosperms

47
Q 
PARTS OF A FLOWER
Male
1.  - male reproductive part
2. - make tiny grains called pollen, which contain
male sex cells
3.  - holds up the anther
A

Stamen
Anther
Filamen

48
Q 
Female
1.  female reproductive part
2. - top part of the carpel with stick surface to trap
pollen
3. - joins the stigma and the ovary
4.  - contains female sex cells called 
'
A 
Pistil 
STIGMA
STYLE 
OVARY
OVULES
49
Q

Others:
1.- leaf-green structures protecting the bud as the
flower develops, the CALYX of the flower
2. - make the flowers attractive, called COROLLA
3. - has both male and female sex org

A

Sepals
Petals
Hermaphrodites

50
Q
  • the transfer of poles grains from the stamen to the stigma
A

POLLINATION

51
Q

Types:
1. ______ - pollen is transferred to the stigmas of
the same flower or the stigma of another flower on the
same plant.
2.______ - so pollen must be transferred to the
stigma of another plant if sexual reproduction is to take
place.
* The ovary swells up and ripens to form a fruit, which may
contain one or many seeds

A

Self Pollination

Cross pollination.

52
Q 
SEED
Consists:
• - protects the internal parts
• [ - food for the growing embryo
• Embryo (three parts)
1. Hypocotyl - lower part
2. Epicotyl - upper part
3. Radicle or Embryonic Root - become The primary root
A

Seed Coat
Endosperm
Embryo

Hypocotyl -

  1. Epicotyl -
  2. Radicle or Embryonic Root
53
Q
  • reproductive structure in which a plant embryo and a food

source are contained within a seed coat

A

Seed

54
Q
  • by wind, water, animal, or explosion
A

Seed Dispersal

55
Q
  • process which a new plant grows from a seed
  • growth stage of a plant embryo
  • leads to maturity, which leads to reproduction
A

Germination

SCIENCE H11C LONG TEST (7 decks)

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