First in human Flashcards
1
Q
Where/What is the documentary
A
- National Institute of Health
- Building 10
- 4 different stories of first in human trials
2
Q
What is building 10
A
- most important discoveries in medical history took place
- created in 1947 by congress
- first successful chemotherapy for cancer
- lithium for depression
- AZT for HIV
- first gene therapy
3
Q
what is a first in human trial?
A
the first time a clinical trial is being preformed in a person
4
Q
what do clinical trials need
A
- lots of planning and research
- must be approved by a board first so they can be moved from animals/simulations to humans
- clinical trials are very dangerous
- they can benefit one person but harm another
5
Q
what is immunotherapy
A
- the basis of many cancer trials
- uses substances made by the body or in a laboratory to boost the immune system and help the body find and destroy cancer cells
6
Q
what is lukemia
A
- originates in bone marrow
- broad term for cancers of the blood cells
7
Q
who is the lukemia trial for
A
- Bo Cooper
- patients who have resisted all other treatment options
8
Q
what is happening in the lukemia trial
A
- Dr. Fry is reengineering Bo’s immune system
- removing T-cells in a process called apheresis
- cells are then separated in a machine
- cancer cells have proteins on their surfaces, one is CD22, the immune system does not recognize this as a threat
- by genetically modifying the T-cells they can recognize CD22 as a threat and attack the cancer cells
- modified t-cells are called Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cells
9
Q
what was a complicating factor of the leukemia trial
A
- the cells were fighting leukemia in the lungs, but the lungs were compromised
- Steroids were needed to be used to keep him alive
- the steroids killed some of the t-cells making them unable to duplicate to a large enough amount, this means that they weren’t able to completely attack all the cancer cells
10
Q
what is job syndrome
A
- an incomplete immune system
- characterized by elevated IgE levels
- there is no cure
- it is a mutation in the genetic sequence
- affects fewer than 300
11
Q
what is happening in the job syndrome trial
A
- bone marrow transplant
- bone marrow is a soft spongy tissue found inside the bone, bodies blood producing factory
- makes new immune system?
12
Q
what is melanoma
A
- kind of skin cancer that starts in the melanocyte
13
Q
what is happening in the melanoma trial
A
- extracting the immune cells inside tumours and then multiplying them into the billions to fight cancer
- TIL harvest
- two tumours are removed, so TIL can be extracted and multiplied
- it takes 2–3 weeks to know if the cell will grow
14
Q
what is sickle cell disease
A
- blood vessels are typically soft, in sickle cell disease they have a malformation, they are hard and have sickle cell shape
- no cure
- only medication to handle pain
- stops blood flow
- pain 24/7
15
Q
what treatment is being done for sickle cell disease
A
- bone marrow transplant
- Receives hematopoietic stem cell transplant from family member
- allows new cells to take over production of red blood cells
