First Crusade 1096-99

Question 1

What is the Feudal System?

Answer 1

Levels of society
Levels of enfeoffement granted by kings to lords to knights
A system of honour ➕ a network of allegiance ➕ land passing to heirs through a ‘hereditary’ system father to son.

Question 2

List the levels of of the Feudal System?

Answer 2

God - those who inforced the religion.
King
Church Barons
Under tenants Under tenants
Peasants

They church tried to fight for two feudal systems which put the on top in terms of law as well as the kings did the same.

Question 3

What was the world of a crusader like?

Answer 3

Life expectancy = 30
Infant mortality 50%
Poor diet - malnutrition = common ➕ starvation
Women ➕ girls = 1role ~ childbearing ➕ bearing
Men ➕ boys = fight ➕ work
Climate = cold, damp ➕ miserable
Violence key aspect to life
Peasants were healthier than Kings Archaeological study found Y ✖ 🍗🧀

Question 4

Explain Christian World?

Religiously

Answer 4

Highly religious - religion = everything
Hope heaven 
fear of hell 
Act of penitance
Jerusalem = centre

Question 5

Key points surrounding power?

Answer 5

Violence = 🔑
Church major part
William the Conqueror bishop brother Odo of Bayeux fought at the battle of Hastings
Overall most were funded by knights, Lords and Kings

Question 6

What was the key change of The Eastern Christians Byzantine Empire?

Answer 6

1054 - The Great Schism = spilt of West ➕ East church
After the Battle of Manzikert 1071 - under threat from Seljuk Turks - South
Caused Alexios 1 to request help from Pope Urban in 1095

Question 7

Threats to Alexios 1?

Answer 7

North Pagans tribes cross the Danube allowed to settle in Byzantium
South Seljurk Turks held lands in Anatolia 1077 (Sultanate of Rum).
West Robert Guiscard (Cunning nn) Normans off Bari (South Italy) taken territories 1015-1071
➕ planning a full scale invasion of the Byzantine territory in the Balkans 1081

Question 8

Explain Alexios 1 rise to power?

Answer 8

Feb 1801 = Emperor ~ bribery, deception ➕ family ties. Fear empire collapse
Faced invasions 1081,2,4 = by mercenaries.
1801=beaten paid Henry IV (German Emperor) to attack Rome ➕ divert some Norman troops.
1084 - 1091 Alexios fought the pagan ➕ won.
1091 ready to face the Seljuk Turks - South

Question 9

Explain the Muslim world?

Answer 9

2 ruling parties - Shi’ ah Fatimids ➕ Sunni Seljurk Turks = interfighting
Malik Shah strong Seljurk ruler murdered 1092
Caliph Muslim 1 in Baghdad ➕ 1 in Cairo
Kilij Arslan seljurk ruler of Rum, Nicaea, Dorylaeum fighting other muslim tribes
Kerbogha died 1102 ruler of Northern Iraq ➕ Mosul.
Cause for fighting territory
Beaten by crusaders Antioch - 1098

Question 10

Jerusalem

Answer 10

Muslims held Jerusalem from AD637 after the Battle of Yarmuk
➕ allowed to visit
➕🔯 inhabitants = pay special tax (Jizya) + restrictions wearing certain clothes
969 Fatimid dynasty take control of Egypt + Parts of Syria + Palestine
1009 mentally deranged Caliph ruler Hakim destroyed the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Angered ➕ Fatimids tried to make amends
1037 Seljurk Turks takes territory of Fatimids + BE. 1064 5,000 ➕ pilgrims = slaughtered
1092 Malik Shah murdered + 1094 Eyptian Vizier, Badr al-Jamali died + the Fatimids Caliph

Question 11

Explain the fallen empire at the time and what birthed out of it Western world?

Answer 11

Roman Empire collapsed 450 Eastern half of the Empire survived, capital Constantinople, an old Greek village

Question 12

Explain the Byzantine Empire in terms of religion + state?

Answer 12

Roman Empire collapsed 450 Eastern part ~ capital = Constantinople. Ie Byzantine empire.
Greek Orthodox ➕ ✖ regard Pope as head of the county. Pope = 🙅
1095 = weak just survived a long war = Normans from Italy

Question 13

Explain the Holy Roman Empire?

Name = rulers were successors of the original Roman Emperors

Answer 13

German state stretched to into Northern Italy.
Holy Roman Emperor = suppose - main defender of the Christian Church.
Pope = ✖ rely on the support of Henry IV (German Emperor)

Question 14

Explain the King of France, Philip 1 and the French situation?

Answer 14

Philip had argued with the Pope
Philip = weak struggling to control his country
Dukes of Lorraine, Aquitaine, Counts, Flanders, Anjou ➕ Toulouse = real rulers.
Duke of Normandy = biggest problem

Question 15

Explain the situation in England?

Answer 15

William the Conqueror died 1087
Then William Rufus taxes us really bad worried about leaving England.
Feared a rebellion
Jealous of brother Robert - William named Duke of Normandy before died

Question 16

Explain the situation on Spain?

Answer 16

Chrostian kings in Spain keen to capture newley captured muslim lands
✖ interested in fighting away from home
✖ not enough knights either

Question 17

Explain the muslim world?

Answer 17

Arab Fatimid family = Egypt taken real power - South - Muslim world
North Turks warlike race from.central Asia invaded Arab lands converted to Islam
Armies bullied - Caliph into doing what they wanted
Arabs conquered Spain 750
➕ kings of Navarre Aragon and Castle gradually pushing back the Muslims

Question 18

Explain the context Pope Urban 11 Sermon at Clermont and most reliable source?

Answer 18

Only surviving accounts - many written after the success of 1Crus
Fulcher of Chartres his version 📜 1106
Historians 💭 most straightforward.
Used his books to encourage ➕ = Crusade
FC = Priest + served Baldwin 1 of Jerusalem for many years

Question 19

What did Pope Urban 2 use in order to ensure success?

Modern marketing strategies

Answer 19

Catch phrases
Exploiting existing, popular attractions + value s
Purgatory, salvation, heaven, immission of sins
Using fear, guilt, duty ‘ ☺
Exaggerated for effect

Question 20

List some quotes off Fulcher of Charters 1106 account of Pope Urban 2 Sermon at Clermont?

Answer 20

“Christ commands it”
“Remission of sins”
“Go against the infidels!”

Question 21

Explain the notion of ‘A Just War’, list terms and creater?

Answer 21

Church wanted to end violent society by redirecting that violence to the “infidels?” 🤔🙁
St Augustine, North African Bishop.
Conditions
Proclaimed by a legitimate authority king, bishop
Just case - defending masses against enemy attack
‘Right intention’

Although Augustine = still sinful

Question 22

Explain the Church reforms?

Answer 22

1040-95
Reformers 😢 of 🔪🔫💣
Priest = corrupt = wives, mistresses, engaged in simony. Buying promotion - lords gained unhealthy control over the church
‘Libertas’ - ➕

Question 23

Explain Pope Gregory VII led the latin Church reforms of 1073-85 and German Emperor Henry IV?

Answer 23

GEH = proclaimed he should rule alone + power to appoint popes + kings, lords should appoint church leaders.
1075 Greg proclaimed’🙅✖😡😬😠😕 = war between papacy + GEH. (Investiture Contest)
1080 GEH appointed a separate pope + attack Rome
GEH appolgised Y = Seljuk Movement = Church weak

Question 24

List some events that led from the Just War to the Holy War?

Answer 24

1074 Pope Gregory VII offered to lead an army against the Seljuk Turks Y = ST invaded BYzant
= ✖ Investiture Contest
1076 Pope Gregory VII promised - sins of another group of Normans = forgiven - fighting Sicily from the muslim
1081 Gregory VII offered spiritual rewards to armies FE Matilda of Tuscany who fought for him against the German Emperor

Question 25

Who is Urban 11?

+ how did he strengthen the Papacy?

Answer 25

Noble French fam
Worked at the Abbey of Cluny
Alexious 1 = paid German Emperor to attack the popes land in Italy
Wanted to unite the Church after The Great Schism 1045