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AP World History > First Civilizations - Cities, States, and Unequal Societies (3,500 B.C.E. -> 500 B.C.E.) > Flashcards

First Civilizations - Cities, States, and Unequal Societies (3,500 B.C.E. -> 500 B.C.E.) Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the first civilizations appear?

A

At around 3500 B.C.E.

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2
Q

What was strange about the appearance of Civilizations?

A

Like with agriculture, it showed up in many different places around the world at once.

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3
Q

What are Quipu?

A

Threads with knots in them that were used for counting in South America.

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of a Civilization?

A

The general characteristics are that they are very large, are organized by a government, use a common currency, and have the same culture throughout.

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5
Q

What Civilizations appeared soon after the first ones?

A

The Civilizations in Central America, the Indus Valley, and in Central Asia.

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6
Q

What are some of the most famous Andean Civilizations?

A

Norte Chico, Chavin, Moche, Nazca, and the Inca.

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7
Q

What were the Six First Civilizations?

A

The Olmec, Norte Chico, Nile Valley, Mesopotamian, Indus Valley, and Shang Dynasty (Yellow River) Civilizations.

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8
Q

What is very strange about the running of the Indus Valley Civilization?

A

There is little to no evidence of any sort of government ruling the area.

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9
Q

What new technologies were invented and used in these new Civilizations?

A

Many technologies including the plow, irrigation systems, sewers, and much more.

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10
Q

What new religious aspects were invented in these new Civilizations?

A

The building of much more elaborate religious areas and ritual sacrifice (which sometimes included people).

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11
Q

What was the role of cities in the early Civilizations?

A

They served as large living areas for tons of people and they also served as great trading hubs.

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12
Q

Who are the Olmec?

A

An ancient civilization that was in Southern Mexico.

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13
Q

What were the Olmec like?

A

We know that they perform sacrifice and that they believed in polytheism. We also know what they probably ate.

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14
Q

Who are the Chavin?

A

Arguably the most famous Andean society, they were skilled with metal and weaving. They built many complex structures such as bridges from mountain to mountain and they were also polytheistic.

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15
Q

What kept Civilizations together?

A

The people living in them, they stayed because they were given protection from armies and it was easy to get food. They were also partly held together by force.

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16
Q

What is Patriarchy?

A

A ruling system where men are always in charge.

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17
Q

Why did Gender Equality disappear around this time?

A

Some tasks become more automated and some old ones along with new ones became very heavy-duty, so men did them better.

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18
Q

Why is Urban Society Impersonal?

A

With such a large population, it becomes impossible to know everyone in it.

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19
Q

Why were writers so valued and treated so well?

A

Not many people knew how to write and it was an important skill.

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20
Q

What three things housed the most Inequality?

A

Wealth, Status, and Power.

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21
Q

What is an Amulet?

A

A small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil. Amulets generally reflect the religious practices of the person it belongs to,

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22
Q

What is a Scribe?

A

A professional person who can read and write.

23
Q

What are the Three Main Social Classes?

A

The Elite (nobles, royalty), Commoners (storekeepers, farmers, craftsmen), and Slaves/Poor People.

24
Q

What is a City-State?

A

A small independent state consisting of an urban center and surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic form in places like Mesopotamia.

25
Q

How was Patriarchy different between Egypt and Mesopotamia?

A

In Egypt, women had greater opportunities, they were recognized as legal equals to men, they were not veiled, and they occasionally exercised significant political power.

In Mesopotamia, women were forced to wear veils or to not wear them based on social status, the law enforced patriarchy, and women had much worse opportunities.

26
Q

What is the main idea of Egyptian Religion?

A

There were many Gods, and Ra was the main one. All forms of life are said to have been created by Ra.

27
Q

What things did the Elite of Civilizations commonly enjoy?

A

Wealth, avoidance of physical labor, clothing, houses, better manner of burial, and sometimes class-specific treatment in Law Codes.

28
Q

What is Slavery?

A

The enslaving of people for forced work. Those enslaved were usually taken through military conquest or through trade.

29
Q

How was Old slavery different from the Slavery of more recent times?

A

A slave’s children could become free people and slavery was not based on race at all.

30
Q

What is the best theory as to why Patriarchy started?

A

Many believe that it started because when people shifted to Agriculture, more hard work was needed (that was physically intensive).

31
Q

What is the Black Land of Egypt?

A

The soil surrounding the Nile.

32
Q

What is the Red Land of Egypt?

A

The desert on either side that is inhospitable.

33
Q

How is Egypt organized?

A

It is around the Nile River; the Southern part is Upper Egypt and the Northern part is Lower Egypt (since the river flows from South to North).

34
Q

Who is the Pharaoh?

A

The central figure in the ancient Egyptian state. Believed to be an earthly manifestation of the Gods, they used their absolute power to maintain the safety and prosperity of Egypt. (This term became popular in the New Kingdom).

35
Q

What is Ma’at?

A

An Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Believed that the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.

36
Q

What are Egyptian Pyramids?

A

Large, triangular stone monuments used in Egypt and Nubia for the burial of the King. Largest erected during the Old Kingdom near Memphis.

Believed that the proper and respectful burial of the divine leader would guarantee the continued prosperity of the land.

37
Q

What is Mummification?

A

A complex process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from decaying, involved removal of organs, dehydration, and wrapping of the body. Process took about 70 days.

38
Q

Why is State so important for Societies?

A

It solved many wide-spread problems such as territory defense and relationships between different peoples.

39
Q

What was one big things that got leaders elected?

A

Religion, a lot of people believed that their rulers were divine and so they followed them.

40
Q

What was the first writing like?

A

It didn’t use letters and phonetics, it instead used symbols that meant certain things.

41
Q

What was Mesopotamian Geography like and why was it so important?

A

Mesopotamia was more harsh in environment and it was much more open, so life was harder and they were more prone to invasion.

42
Q

How did Chinese Civilization go once the Shang Dynasty started?

A

The Shang Dynasty was eventually overthrown and the Zhou Dynasty started. The Zhou Dynasty lasted very long but it started to have major problems 600 years before it ended.

43
Q

What is Feudalism?

A

A political system where governors controlled small areas in exchange for providing military service.

44
Q

When were the earliest Cuneiform texts created?

A

At around 3,000 B.C.E.

45
Q

How was Egyptian and Mesopotamian Agriculture different?

A

Mesopotamia’s Agriculture damaged the environment so they had to shift North, while the Egyptians stayed stable.

46
Q

How were Egyptian and Mesopotamian Political Systems different?

A

Sumer consisted of warring city-states that could be attacked unexpectedly, while Egypt was safer and it united under a singly Pharaoh pretty early on. Egypt maintained independence with only occasional interruptions for about 3,000 years.

47
Q

How was Egyptian and Mesopotamian Geography different?

A

Egypt had a much more predictable flooding source and more closed-off land, while Mesopotamia had very unpredictable and possibly dangerous floods as well as no serious obstacles for preventing travel.

48
Q

What things did Egypt adopt from Mesopotamia?

A

Wheat, Barley, and possibly their step pyramids and System of Writing.

49
Q

How long has Egyptian Civilization lasted?

A

From 3,000 B.C.E. to 332 B.C.E..

50
Q

When did Indus Valley Civilization decline and why?

A

It fell into decline at around 1,900 B.C.E. and we think that it was probably a result of Natural Disasters or Environmental Changes.

51
Q

When and where did Olmec Civilization emerge?

A

Along the Gulf of Mexico near present-day Veracruz in southern Mexico, around 1,200 B.C.E..

52
Q

What buildings are the Olmec famous for?

A

Giant Head Statues, Temples, Pyramids, and Palaces.

53
Q

When and where did Norte Chico Civilization emerge?

A

It flourished between the 30th and 18th centuries B.C.E. and was primarily on the North-Central Coast of Peru.

AP World History (10 decks)

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