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Medical Embryology > First Aid USMLE 2012 p124 > Flashcards

First Aid USMLE 2012 p124 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Fx of neural tube and notochord during Neural development

A
  • Notochord induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form the neural plate.
  • Neural plate gives rise to the neural tube and neural crest cells.
  • Notochord becomes nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk in adult.
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2
Q

What are the derivatives of the Endoderm?

A

Gut tube epithelium (including anal canal above the pectinate line) and derivaties (lung, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells)

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3
Q

What are the Fetal Landmarks?

A

Day 0: Fertilization
Within week 1: hCG
Within week 2: Bilaminar disk (epiblast, hypoblast)
Within week 3: Trilaminar disk. Gastrulation
Weeks 3-8: Neural tube formed by neuroectoderm closes by week 4. Organogenesis. Extremely susceptible to teratogens.
Week 4: Rule of 4: Heart chambers & limb buds
Week 8 (fetal period): Fetal movement
Week 10: Genitalia
Alar plate (dorsal): Sensory
Basal plate (ventral): Motor

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4
Q

What are the Rules of Early Development?

A

Rule of 2’s for 2nd week:
2 germ layers (bilaminar disk) : epiblast,
hypoblast.
2 cavities: amniotic cavity, yolk sac.
2 components to placenta : cytotrophoblast,
syncytiotrophoblast.

Rule of 3’s for 3rd week: 3 layers of gastrula: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Rule of 4’s for 4th week
4 heart chambers.
4 limb buds grow.

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5
Q

What are the derivatives of the Ectoderm?

A
  1. surface ectoderm: Adenohypophysis (from Rathke’s pouch); lens of eye; epithelial linings of oral cavity, sensory organs of ear, and olfactory epithelium; epidermis; anal canal below the pectinate line; salivary, sweat, and mammary glands.
  2. Neuroectoderm: Brain (neurohypophysis, CNS neurons,
    oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland), retina, spinal cord.

Neural crest: ANS, dorsal root ganglia, cranial nerves,
celiac ganglion, melanocytes, chromaffin
cells of adrenal medulla, parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid, Schwann cells, pia and arachnoid, bones of the skull, odontoblasts,
aorticopulmonary septum.

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6
Q

What are the derivatives of the Mesoderm?

A

Muscle, bone, connective tissue, serous linings of body cavities (e.g., peritoneum), spleen (derived from foregut mesentery), cardiovascular structures, lymphatics, blood, bladder, urethra, vagina, eustachian tube, kidneys, adrenal cortex, ski n derm is, testes, ovaries. Notochord induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate). Its postnatal derivative is the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk.

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7
Q

Fx of Shh?

A

Produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity. Involved in patterning along A-P axis.

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8
Q

Fx of Wnt-7 gene?

A

Produced at apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm at distal end of developing limbs). Necessary for proper organization along D-V axis.

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9
Q

Fx of FGF gene?

A

Produced at apical ectodermal ridge. Stimulating mitosis of underlying mesoderm, providing for lengthening of limbs.

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10
Q

Fx of Hox genes?

A

Involved in segmental organization of embryo in craniocaudal direction. Hox mutations=appendages in wrong locations.

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11
Q

Teratogen: Ace inhibitors

A

renal damage

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12
Q

Teratogen:Alkylating agemts

A

absence of digits, multiple anomalies

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13
Q

Teratogen: Aminoglycosylides (A MEAN GUY hit the baby in the ear)

A

CN VIII toxicity

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14
Q

Teratogen: Carbamazepine

A

Neural tube defects, craniofacial defects,
fingernail hypoplasia, developmental delay,
IUGR

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15
Q

Teratogen: Diethylstilbesterol

A

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

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16
Q

Teratogen: Folate antagonists

A

Neural tube defects

17
Q

Teratogen: Lithium

A

Ebstein’s anomaly (atrialized right ventricle)

18
Q

Teratogen: Phenytoin

A

Fetal hydantoin syndrome: microcephaly,
dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic
nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects,
IUGR, mental retardation

19
Q

Teratogen: Tetracyclines

A

Discolored teeth

20
Q

Teratogen: Thalidomide

A

limb defects (flipper limbs)

21
Q

Teratogen: Valproate

A

Inhibition of maternal folate absorption - neural tube defects

22
Q

Teratogen: Warfarin (Do not wage warfare on the baby; keep it heppy with heparin (does not cross placenta)

A

Bone deformities, fetal hemmorhage, abortion, opthalmologic abnormalities

23
Q

Birth defects of Maternal Diabetes?

A

Caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia), congenital heart defects, neural tube defects.

24
Q

Birth defects of Vit. A excess?

A

Extremely high risk for spontaneous abortions and birth defects (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities)

25
Q

Birth defects of X-rays?

A

Microcephaly, mental retardation

26
Q

Fetal component: Cytotrophoblast

A

inner layer of chorionic villi. Cyto makes Cells.

27
Q

Fetal component: Syncytiotrophoblast

A

outer layer of chorionic villi; secretes hCG (structurally similar to LH; stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone during first trimester).

28
Q

Maternal component: Decidua basalis

A

derived from the endometrium. Maternal blood in lacunae.

29
Q

UMBILICAL CORD: Properties of Umbilical arteries (2)?

A

Return deoxygenated blood from fetal internal iliac to placenta; single umbilical artery associated with congenital & chromosomal anomalies.

30
Q

UMBILICAL CORD: Properties of umbilical vein (1)?

A

Supplies oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus; drains into IV; Umbilical arteries and veins derived from Allantois

31
Q

Urachal Duct abnormalities?

A

3rd week: yolk sac forms allantois, which extends into urogenital sinus. Allantois becomes Urachus, a duct between bladder and yolk sac.
Failure of urachus to obliterate:
1. PATENT URACHUS: urine discharge from umbilicus.
2. VESICOURACHAL DIVERTICULUM: outpouching of bladder

32
Q

Vitelline duct abnormalities?

A

7th week: Obliteration of vitelline duct (omphalomesenteric duct), which connects yolk sac to midgut lumen.

  1. VITELLINE FISTULA: failure of duct to close -> meconium discharge from umbilicus.
  2. MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM: partial closure with patent portion attached to ileum. May have ectopic gastric mucosa -> melena and periumbilical pain.
33
Q

Heart Embryology: Truncus Arteriosus(TA) gives rise to:

A

Ascending Aorta and pulmonary trunk

34
Q

Heart Embryology: Bulbos cordis gives rise to:

A

Right ventricle and smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricle.

35
Q

Heart Embryology: primitive ventricle gives rise to:

A

Trabeculated left and right ventricles

36
Q

Heart Embryology: Primitive atria gives rise to:

A

Trabeculated left and right atrium

37
Q

Heart Embryology: Left horn of sinus venosus (SV) gives rise to:

A

Coronary sinus

38
Q

Heart Embryology:Right Horn of SV gives rise to:

A

Smooth part of right atrium

39
Q

Heart Embryology: Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein gives rise to:

A

SVC

Medical Embryology (15 decks)

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