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Step 1 Review > first aid mnemonics > Flashcards

first aid mnemonics Flashcards

1
Q

heterochromatin

A

HeteroChromatin = Highly Condensed

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2
Q

DNA hypermethylation

A

Methylation makes dna Mute

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3
Q

histone acetylation

A

Acetylation makes dna Active

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4
Q

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

A

R: rampant, M: massive, T: tiny

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5
Q

nucleotide vs. nucleoside

A

nucleoSide = base + Sugar. nucleoTide = base + sugar + phosphaTe.

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6
Q

mRNA subunits for euk and prok

A

Euk: even, 40s+60s=80s. prOk: odd, 30s+50s=70s.

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7
Q

Energy used by tRNA

A

Atp: Activation. Gtp: Gripping and Going (translocation)

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8
Q

Types of collagen

A

Be So Totally Cool Read Books. type I: Bone, Skin, Tendon (dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair). type II: Cartilage (vitreous body, nucleus pulposus). type III: Reticulin - skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue. type IV: Basement membrane.

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9
Q

Type III collagen disorder

A

thrEe D: Ehlers-Danlos

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10
Q

Blotting procedures

A

SNoW DRoP. Southern: DNA. Northern: RNA. Western: Protein.

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11
Q

Prader-Willi vs. Angelman’s syndrome

A

Prader-willi: Paternal. angelMan: Maternal.

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12
Q

X-linked recessive disorders

A

Be Wise, Fool’s GOLD Heeds Silly Hope. Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia, Wiskott-aldrich syndrome, Fabry’s disease, G6pd deficiency, Ocular albinism, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Duchenne’s (and becker’s) muscular dystrophy, Hunter’s Syndrome, Hemophilia a and b.

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13
Q

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

A

Duchenne’s: Deleted Dystrophin.

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14
Q

Fragile X syndrome symptoms

A

fragile X: eXtra large testes, jaw, ears.

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15
Q

Trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders

A

X-Girlfriend’s First Aid Helped Ace My Test

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16
Q

Autosomal Trisomy Chromosome

A

Down: Drinking age (21). Edwards: Election age (18). Patau’s: Puberty (13)

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17
Q

Cri-du-chat syndome symptoms

A

Cri du chat = cry of the cat

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18
Q

22q11 deletion syndromes

A

CATCH-22: Cleft palate/lip, Abnormal facies. Thymic aplasia (low T cells), Cardiac defects, Hypocalcemia (secondary to parathyroid aplasia)

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19
Q

Vit B1 cofactor for these reactions

A

all reqired for ATP synthesis, Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Transketolase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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20
Q

Vit B2 def symptoms

A

two Cs. Cheilosis, Corneal vascularization.

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21
Q

Vit B3 def symptoms

A

3 Ds + glossitis. Dermatitis, Dementia, Diarrhea (also 3 Ds of pellegra)

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22
Q

Folic acid source

A

FOLic acid from FOLiage.

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23
Q

Biotin def caused by

A

AVIDin in egg whites AVIDly binds biotin

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24
Q

Vit C def symptoms

A

vit C def causes sCurvy due to Collagen synthesis defect.

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25
Q

Vit E def symptoms

A

E for Erythrocyte, inc fragility of erythrocytes resulting in hemolytic anemia.

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26
Q

Vit K def symptoms

A

K for Koagulation. necessary for clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, prot C and S.

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27
Q

metabolism site in both mitochondria and cytoplasm

A

HUGs take TWO. Heme synthesis, Urea cycle, Gluconeogensis.

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28
Q

Kwashiorkor symptoms

A

MEAL: Malnutrition, Edema, Anemia, Liver (fatty)

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29
Q

Marasmus symptoms

A

Marasmus results in Muscle wasting

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30
Q

Krebs cycle substrates

A

Citrate Is Kreb’s Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate: Citrate, Isocitrate, alpha-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate.

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31
Q

Gluconeogenesis irreversible enzymes

A

Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose: Pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, Fructose 1,6, bisphosphatase, Glucose 6 phosphatase.

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32
Q

disorders of fructose and galactose metabolism

A

FAB GUT: Fructose is to Aldose B as Galactose is to UridylTransferase

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33
Q

Glucogenic, Glucogenic/ketogenic, Ketogenic amino acids.

A

gluco: Val Argues His Methods. gluco/keto: Pheasants TTTurn Ill. keto: Leu/Lys

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34
Q

Urea cycle substrates

A

Ordinarily Careless Crappers Are Also Frivolous About Urinating: Ornithine, Carbamyl phosphate, Citrulline, Asparatate, Arginosuccinate, Fumarate, Arginine, Urea

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35
Q

Maple syrup urine disease

A

I Love Vermont maple syrup from branched maple trees (branched amino acids Ile, Leu, Val)

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36
Q

Glycogen storage diseases

A

Very Poor Carbohydrate Metabolism: Von gierke’s, Pompe’s, Cori’s, Mcardle’s.

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37
Q

HDL vs. LDL

A

HDL: Healthy, LDL: Lousy

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38
Q

insulin effect on potassium

A

INsulin shifts K INto cells

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39
Q

fluid compartments

A

60-40-20. 15-5. 60% of body mass is water, 40% of body mass (so 66% of the water) is ICF, 20% of body mass (33% of water) is ECF, 15% of body mass (75% of ECF) is intracellular fluid, 5% of body mass (25% of ECF) is plasma.

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40
Q

acetazolamide effect

A

ACIDazolamide causes ACIDosis.

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41
Q

loop diuretic toxicity

A

OH DANG: Ototoxicity, Hypokalemia, Dehydration, Allergy (sulfa), Nephritis (interstitial), Gout

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42
Q

hydrochorothiazide toxicity

A

hyperGLUC: hyperGlycemia, hyperLipidemia, hyperUricemia, hyperCalcemia. also hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and hyponatremia.

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43
Q

K-sparing diuretics

A

K STAy: Spiranolactone, Triamterene, Amiloride.

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44
Q

ACE Inhibitor toxicity

A

CApTOPRIL: Cough, Angioedema, Taste changes, hypOtension, Pregnancy prob, Rash, Inc renin, Lower ATII. also hyperkalemia. avoid with bilat renal artery stenosis.

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45
Q

bugs that don’t stain well on gram stain

A

These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color. Trepomona, Rickettsia, Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia

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46
Q

obligate aerobes

A

Nagging Pests Must Breath. Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus

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47
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

Can’t Breath Air. Closteridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces

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48
Q

obligate intracellular bugs

A

Really Cold. Rickettsia, Clamydia

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49
Q

facultative intracellular bugs

A

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY. Samonella, Neiserria, Brucella, Mycobacteria, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yesinia pestis.

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50
Q

encapsulated bac

A

SHiN SKiS. Strep pneumo, Haemophilus influenza B, Neisseria, Salmonella, Klebseilla, Strep group B.

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51
Q

catalase positive bugs

A

SSPLCE for your cat. Staph, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Listeria, Candida, E. coli.

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52
Q

urease positive bugs

A

PUNCH-KSS. Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Cryptococcus, H. pylori, Klebsiella, Staph aureus, Staph epi.

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53
Q

what color pigment does actinomyces israelii produce?

A

Israel has yellow sand.

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54
Q

genes for bacterial toxins encoded in lysogenic phage

A

ABCDE. shigA-like toxin, Botulinum toxin, Cholera toxin, Diphtheria toxin, Erythrogenic toxin of strep pyogenes.

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55
Q

what staph are sensitive to novobiocin?

A

NO StRESs. NOvobiocin, Saprophyticus Resistant, Epidermidis Sensitive.

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56
Q

what strep is sensitive to optochin?

A

OVRPS. Optochin, Viridans Resistant, Pneumoniae Sensitive.

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57
Q

what strep is sensitive to bacitracin?

A

B-BRAS. Bacitracin, group B Resistant, group A Sensitive.

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58
Q

what can strep throat lead to?

A

PHaryngitis can result in rheumatic PHever and glomerulonePHritis

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59
Q

symptoms of rheumatoid fever

A

no rheum for SPECCulation. subcutaneous plaques, polyarthritis, erythema marginatum, chorea, carditis.

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60
Q

symptoms of strep pneumo

A

S. pneumo MOPS are Most OPtochin Sensitive. Meningitis, Otitis media in children, Pneumonia, Sinusitis.

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61
Q

streptococcus bovis

A

strep group D. bovis (like bovine) has 4 stomachs, causes bacteremia and subacute endocarditis in colon cancer patients.

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62
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

ABCDEFG. ADP ribosylation (of ef2), Beta-prophage (encodes exotoxin), Corynebacterium, Diptheria, Elongation Factor 2, Granules (metachromatic blue/red granules on gram stain).

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63
Q

where can you get botulinum toxin?

A

BOTulinum comes from bad BOTtles of food and honey.

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64
Q

treatment for actinomyces and nocardia

A

SNAP, Sulfa for Nocardia and Actinomyces use Penecillin

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65
Q

which bac ferments lactose?

A

lactose is KEE, test with macConKEE’S agar. Citrobacter, Klebsiella, E coli, Enterobacter, Serratia,

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66
Q

how to differentiate between the neisserias?

A

MeninGococci ferment Maltose and Glucose, Gonococci only Glucose.

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67
Q

what does haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

haEMOPhilus causes Epiglottitis, Meningitis, Otitis media, Pneumonia.

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68
Q

how to culture haemophilus influenza?

A

when get sick, mom buys chocolate for $5.10. Chocolate agar with factors V and X.

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69
Q

symptoms of pseudomonas

A

BE PSEUDO. Burns, Endocarditis, Pneumonia, Sepsis, External otitis media, Uti, Diabetic Osteomyelitis. also hot tub folliculitis

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70
Q

different stains of E. coli

A

eIec: Invasive, dysentery. eTec: traveler’s diarrhea (watery). ePec: pediatric (flattens villi and prevents absorption). eHec: Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure).

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71
Q

symptoms of klebsiella

A

4 As. Aspiration pneumonia (which cause) Abscess in liver/lungs (in) Alcoholics (and) diAbetics. also get nosicomial UTI and cough up red jelly like sputum.

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72
Q

how to distinguish campylobacter jejuni and vibrio cholera in lab.

A

both are comma shaped, oxidase positive. CAMPylobacter likes hot CAMPfire and grows at 42C. vibrio cholera grows in alkaline media.

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73
Q

different spirochetes

A

BLT. Borrelia (which is Big), Leptospira, Treponema.

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74
Q

symptoms of lyme disease

A

BAKE a key LYME pie. Bell’s palsy (bilat), Arthritis, Kardiac block, Erythema migrans.

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75
Q

test for syphilis

A

screen with VDRL (false positive with Viruses: mono, hep, Drugs, Rheumatic fever, Lupus/Leprosy), confirm with FTA-ABS

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76
Q

gardnerella vaginalis symptoms

A

i don’t have a CLUE why it smells FISHY in the VAGINA GARDEN.

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77
Q

rickettsial symptoms

A

Rickettsia on the wRists, Typhus on the Trunk. triad: headache, fever, rash.

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78
Q

Q fever symptoms

A

Q fever Queer b/c no rash, no arthropod vector, neg weil-felix. presents as pneumonia.

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79
Q

palm and sole rash causes

A

drive CARS with palms and soles. Coxsackievirus A (hand foot and mouth disease), Rocky mountain spotted fever, Syphilis.

80
Q

chlamydia trachomatis serotypes

A

A, B, C = Africa/Blindness/Chronic infection. D-K everything else. L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum.

81
Q

systemic mycoses characteristics

A

Histoplasmosis: Histo Hides (within macrophages). Blastomycosis: Blasto Buds. Coccidioidomycosis: Coccidio Crowds. Paracoccicioidomycosis: Paracoccidio Parasails with captain’s wheel all the way to Latin America.

82
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus

A

Always Angles in Aspergillus

83
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

A

Blackflies, Black skin nodules, Black sight. IVERmectin for rIVER blindness.

84
Q

nematode routes of infection

A

EATing. stepping in SANd. EAT: Enterobius, Ascaris, Trichinella. SANd: Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator.

85
Q

live virus vaccines

A

LIVE! see SMALL YELLOW CHICKENS get vaccinated with SABIN’S MMR.

86
Q

dead virus vaccines

A

salK = Killed. RIP Always. Rabies, Influenza, salk Polio, hAv.

87
Q

+ strand RNA viruses

A

old Calciferous emperor Pico with his Toga and his Crown (Corona) is eating Flavorful grapes out of his Retrobowl.

88
Q
  • strand RNA viruses
A

Old Pete’s Rabid dog Filo is fighting paul Bunyan in the Area.

89
Q

naked viruses

A

naked CPR and PAPP smears. CPR: Calcivirus, Picornavirus, Reovirus. PAPP: Parvovirus, Adenovirus, Papilloma, Polyma.

90
Q

DNA viruses

A

HHAPPPPy: Hepadna, Herpes, Adeno, Pox, Parvo, Papilloma, Polyoma.

91
Q

polyomavirus symptoms

A

JC and BK viruses. JC: Junky Cerebrum, BK: Bad Kidney

92
Q

HSV identification

A

Tzanck heavens I do not have herpes.

93
Q

different picornaviruses

A

PERCH: Polio, Echo, Rhino, Coxackie, HAV.

94
Q

different paramyxoviruses

A

PaRaMyxo: Parainfluenza, Rsv, Rubeola, Mumps.

95
Q

segmented viruses

A

BOAR: Bunya, Orthomyxo, Arena, Reo.

96
Q

causes of pneumonia in children 4-18yrs

A

Runts May Cough Sputum: RSV, Mycoplasma, Chlaymida trachomatis, Strep pneumo.

97
Q

infections passed on from mother to fetus

A

ToRCHeS: Toxoplasma condii, Rubella, Cmv, Hiv, Hsv-2, Syphilis.

98
Q

antibacterial used for staph

A

naf for staph

99
Q

clinical use for aminopenicillins

A

aminopenicillins HELPSS enterococci: Haemophilus influenzae, E coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella, eneterococci

100
Q

antipseudomonal penicillins

A

Takes Care of Pseudo: Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, Piperacillin.

101
Q

beta-lactamase inhibitors

A

CAST: Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam.

102
Q

clinical use for 1st gen cephalosporins

A

PEcK: Proteus mirabilis, E coli, Klebsiella pneumo.

103
Q

clinical use for 2nd gen cephalosporins

A

HEN PEcKS: Haemophilus influenza, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Proteus mirabilis, E coli, Klebsiella, Serratia.

104
Q

aminoglycoside antibiotics

A

“mean” GNATS canNOT kill anaerobes. Gentomicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin.

105
Q

side effects of trimethoprim

A

TMP: Treats Marrow Poorly. megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia.

106
Q

side effects of fluoroquinolones

A

fluoroquinoLONES hurts attachments to your BONES.

107
Q

clinical uses for metronidazole

A

GET GAP on the Metro. Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichamonas, Gardnerella vaginalis, Anaerobes, h Pylori. good for anaerobic infection below diaphragm, clindamycin for anaerobe above diaphragm.

108
Q

drugs for M. tuberculosis

A

RIPE: Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol.

109
Q

side effect of INH

A

INH: Injures Neurons and Hepatocytes.

110
Q

rifampin characteristics

A

4 Rs. RNA pol inhibitor, Revs up p450, Red/orange body fluid, Rapid resistance if used alone.

111
Q

amantadine mechanism

A

a man 2 dine takes off his coat. (blocks viral uncoating)

112
Q

foscarnet mechanism

A

FOScarnet = pyroFOSphate analogue. viral DNA pol inhibitor.

113
Q

protease inhibitors

A

NAVIR (never) TEASE a proTEASE. drugs that end in -navir are protease inhibitors for HIV HAART.

114
Q

antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy

A

Countless SAFe Moms Take Really Good Care: Clarithromycin (embryotoxic), Sulfonamides (kericterus), Aminoglycosides (ototoxicity), Fluoroquinolones (cartilage damage), Metronidazole (mutagenesis), Tetracyclines (discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth), Ribavirin (teratogenic), Griseofulvin (teratogenic), Chloramphenicol (gray baby)

115
Q

sites of immune cell maturation

A

T cell: thymus, B cell: bone marrow.

116
Q

HLA B27 associated disease

A

PAIR: Psoriasis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Reiter’s syndrome.

117
Q

classic immune pathway mediators

A

GM makes CLASSIC cars. IgG and IgM.

118
Q

C3b function

A

C3B Binds Bacteria

119
Q

C3a, C5a function

A

C3A and C5A cause Anaphylaxis

120
Q

interleukine functions

A

IL1-5 = Hot T-Bone stEAk. IL-1: fever (hot), IL-2: stim T cells, IL-3: stim Bone marrow, IL-4: stim IgE, IL-5: stim IgA.

121
Q

IL-8 function

A

clean up on AISLE 8: neutrophils recruited by IL-8 to clear infection

122
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

A

First and Fast (anaphylaxis)

123
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

A

cy-2-toxic. antibody bind onto fixed antigen on cell and lyse.

124
Q

Type III hypersensitivity

A

3 things stuck together: antigen-antibody-complement.

125
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity

A

4th and last, delayed. 4Ts: T lymphocytes, Transplant rejections, Tb skin tests, Touching (contact dermatitis).

126
Q

hypersensitivity reactions

A

ACID: Anaphalactic/Atopic, Cytotoxic, Immune, Delayed.

127
Q

bacterial products

A

CILK: C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein

128
Q

amyloidosis types

A

aL = Light chain (bence jones), aA = Acute-phase reactant (seocndary), aF = old Fogies (senile cardiac), aE = endocrine (T2DM), a-CAL = CALcitonin (medullary carcinoma of thyroid)

129
Q

DPC gene

A

tumor suppressor gene, Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer

130
Q

DCC gene

A

tumor suppressor gene, Deleted in Colon Cancer

131
Q

TRAP marker

A

TRAP the HAIRY animal. tumor marker for Hairy cell leukemia.

132
Q

beta-hCG marker

A

HCG. tumor marker for Hydatiform moles, Choriocarcinomas, Gestational trophoblastic tumors.

133
Q

psammoma bodies

A

calcific spherules seen in PSaMMoma. Papillary (thyroid): papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid, Serous (ovary): serious papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary, Meningioma, Mesothelioma.

134
Q

hydralazine

A

hydrAlAzine, dec Afterload, Arterial vasodilator.

135
Q

right to left shunts

A

causes early cyanosis, blue babies. 5 Ts, Teratology (of Fallot), Transposition (of the great vessels), Truncus (arteriosus), Tricuspid (atresia), Total (anomalous pulmonary venous return).

136
Q

teratology of fallot

A

PROVe. P: Pulmonary stenosis, R: Rvh, O: Overarching aorta, V: Vsd.

137
Q

coarctation of aorta location

A

INfanfile: IN close to heart. aDult: Distal to Ductus.

138
Q

maintain and close patent ductus arteriosus

A

ENDomethacin (indomethacin) ENDS patency of PDA, pgE kEEps it open.

139
Q

causes of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

ABCCCD: Alcohol abuse, wet Beriberi, Coxsackie B, chronic Cocaine use, Chaga’s disease, Doxorubicin toxicity. also Hemochromatosis and peripartum cardiomyopathy.

140
Q

bacteria endocarditis symptoms

A

FROM JANE: Fever, Roth’s spots, Osler’s nodes, Mumur, Janeway lesions, Anemia, Nail-bed hemorrhage, Emboli.

141
Q

site of bacterial endocarditis

A

mitral valve usually but don’t tri drugs (tricuspid affected in IV drug users)

142
Q

rheumatic fever symptoms

A

FEVERSS: Fever, Erythema marginatum, Valvular damage (vegetation/fibrosis), ESR inc, Red-hot joints (migratory polyarthritis), Subcutaneous nodules, St. vitus’ dance (chorea)

143
Q

which Ca blockers affect heart more?

A

Verapamil = Ventricle

144
Q

class Ia antiarrythmics

A

Queen Diso Proclaims. Quinidine, Disopyramide, Procainamide.

145
Q

class Ib antiarrythmics

A

I’d Buy LIDy’s MEXIcan Tacos. IB: LIDocaine, MEXIletine, Tocainide. IB is Best post-MI

146
Q

class Ic antiarrythmics

A

IC is Contraindicated post MI.

147
Q

class III antiarrythmics

A

K IS BAD: K blockers, Ibutilide, Sotalol, Bretylium, Amiodarone, Dofetilide.

148
Q

layers of adrenal cortex

A

GFR: the deeper you go, the sweeter it gets. Salt (aldosterone), sugar (glucocorticoids), sex (androgens)

149
Q

pituitary gland hormones

A

FLAT PiG: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, ProlactIn, GH

150
Q

Basophils vs acidophils

A

B-FLAT: Basophils - Fsh, Lh, Acth, Tsh. Acidophils: GH, Prolactin

151
Q

cells that don’t need insulin for glucose uptake

A

BRICK L: Brain, Rbcs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver.

152
Q

effects of cortisol

A

cortisol is BBIIG: Bp maintenance, dec Bone formation, anti-Inflammatory, inc Insulin resistance, inc Gluconeogensis/lipolysis/proteolysis.

153
Q

effects of PTH

A

PTH: Phosphate Trashing Hormone

154
Q

effects of calcitonin

A

calciTONin TONes down Ca levels.

155
Q

hormones that use cAMP signaling

A

FLAT CHAMP: Fsh, Lh, Acth, Tsh, Crh, Hcg, Adh (v2), Msh, Pth, calcitonin, gnrh, glucagon

156
Q

hormones that use IP3 signaling

A

GOAT: Gnrh, Oxytocin, Adh (v1), Trh, histamine (h1), angiotensin II, gastrin.

157
Q

hormones that use cytosolic steroid receptor

A

VET CAP: Vit d, Estrogen, Testosterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone

158
Q

hormones that use receptor associated tyrosine kinase

A

PiG: Prolactin, Gh, and cytokines.

159
Q

T3 functions

A

4 Bs: Brain maturation, Bone growth, Beta adrenergic effects, BMR inc (basal metab rate)

160
Q

addison’s disease

A

ADDison’s = -[Cushing’s + Conn’s]. Adrenal Atrophy and Absence of hormone production, involves All 3 cortical divisions.

161
Q

pheochromocytoma symptoms

A

5 Ps: Pressure (elevated bp), Pain (headache), Perspiration, Palpitations (tachycardia), Pallor

162
Q

hyperparathyroidism symptoms

A

stones, bones and groans: renal stones, bone pain, constipation (groans).

163
Q

MEN symptoms

A

MEN 1 = 3 P’s - Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas. MEN 2a = 2 P’s - Parathyroids, pheochromocytoma. MEN 2b = 1 P - Pheochromocytoma (also oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis). (also MEN 2a/2b get medullary thyroid carcinoma)

164
Q

retroperitoneal structures

A

SAD PUCKER: Suprarenal gland, Aorta (and ivc), Duodenum (2nd, 3rd 4th parts), Pancrease (except tail), Ureters, Colon (descending and ascending), Kidneys, Esophagus (lower 2/3), rectum (upper 2/3).

165
Q

nerves in gut wall

A

Submucosa includes Submucosal nerve plexus. Muscularis external includes Myenteric nerve plexus.

166
Q

femoral region organization

A

NAVL: Nerve, Artery, Vein, Lymphatics

167
Q

indirect inguinal hernia

A

goes INternal (deep) inguinal ring, external inguinal ring, INto scrotum. occurs in INfants.

168
Q

direct vs. indirect hernia.

A

MDs don’t LIe: Medial to inf epigastric artery: Direct hernia. Lateral to inf epigastric artery: indirect hernia.

169
Q

Boerhaave syndrome

A

BoerHaave Syndrome: Been-Heaving Syndrome. transmural esophageal rupture due to violent retching.

170
Q

malabsorption syndromes

A

These Will Cause Devastating Absorption Problems: Tropical sprue, Whipple’s disease, Celiac sprue, Disaccharidase def, Abeta-lipoproteinemia, Pancreatic insufficiency.

171
Q

Whipple’s disease syndrome

A

Foamy Whipped cream in a CAN. Foamy macrophages, C: cardiac symptoms, A: arthralgias, N: neurologic symptoms

172
Q

acute gastritis types

A

burned by Curling iron (curling’s ulcer can be caused by burns from acid due to dec plasma volume leading to sloughing of gastric mucosa), always Cushion the brain (cushing’s ulcer due to brain injury, inc vagal stimulation inc ACh inc H+ production)

173
Q

chronic gastritis types

A

AB, BA: Autoimmune characterized by autoantibodies to parietal cells, pernicious anemia, achlorhydria affects gastric Body (type A). H. pylori Bacterium affects Antrum (type B)

174
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

Gastric ulcer: pain Greater with meals. Duodenal ulcer: pain Decreases with meals.

175
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

FAT (creeping fat) GRANny (noncaseating granulomas) and an old CRONE SKIPPING (skip lesions) down a COBBLESTONE (cobblestone mucosa) road away from the WRECK (rectal sparing)

176
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum characteristics

A

the five 2’s. 2 inches long, 2 feet from ileocecal valve, 2% of population, presents in first 2 years of life. may have 2 types of epithelia (gastric/pancreatic).

177
Q

Turcot’s syndrome

A

TURcot = TURban. FAP + malignant CNS tumor

178
Q

alcoholic hepatitis lab values

A

make a toAST with alcohol. inc AST > ALT in alcohol hepatitis.

179
Q

Wilson’s disease

A

Copper is Hella BAD. C: dec Cerulopasmin, Cirrhosis, Corneal deposits, Copper accumulation, Carcinoma (hepatocellular). H: Hemolytic anemia. B: Basal ganglia degeneration (parkinsonian symptoms). A: Asterixis. D: Dementia, Dyskinesia, Dysarthria.

180
Q

hemochromatosis

A

Hemochromatisis Can Cause Deposits: Cirrhosis, CHF, Diabetes mellitus. (also skin pigmentation)

181
Q

gallstone risk factors

A

4 Fs: Female, Fat, Forty, Fertile (pregnant)

182
Q

acute pancreatitis risk factors

A

GET SMASHED. Gallstones, Ethanol, Trauma, Steroids, Mumps, Autoimmune disease, Scorpion sting, Hypercalcemia/Hypertriglyceridemia, Ercp, Drugs.

183
Q

H2 blockers

A

take H2 blockers before you DINE. -tiDINE.

184
Q

aluminum hydroxide

A

antacid. aluMINUMUM amount of feces.

185
Q

magnesium hydroxide

A

antacid. Mg: Must Go to bathroom.

186
Q

WBC differentiation

A

Neutrophils Like Making Everything Better. in order of most to least, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils.

187
Q

causes of eosinophilia

A

NAACP: Neoplastic, Asthma, Allergic processes, Collagen vascular diseases, Parasites.

188
Q

target cell causes

A

HALT the hunter said to the target: HbC disease, Asplenia, Liver disease, Thalassemia.

189
Q

lead poisoning symptoms

A

LEAD: Lead Lines on gingivae and epiphysis of long bones, Encephalopathy and Erythrocyte basophilic strippling, Abdominal colic and sideroblastic Anemia, Drops (wrist and foot) Dimercaprol and eDta are 1st line of treatment. Succimer for kids (SUCks for kids who eat lead).

190
Q

cold vs. warm agglutinins

A

Warm weather is GGGreat. Cold ice cream… MMM…

191
Q

causes of DIC

A

STOP Making New Thrombi: Sepsis (gram neg), Trauma, Obstetric complications, acute Pancreatitis, Malignancy, Nephrotic syndrome, Transfusion.

192
Q

multiple myeloma symptoms

A

M-CRAB: hyperCalcemia, Renal insufficiency, Anemia, Bone lytic lesions/Back pain. Multiple Myeloma: Monoclonal M protein spike.

193
Q

philadelphia chromosome

A

CML, Philadelphia CreaML cheese.

194
Q

warfarin effects

A

EX-PresidenT went to WAR. Extrinsic pathway, PT time prolonged.

195
Q

Dactinomycin

A

ACTinomycin D: for children who ACT out. used for childhood tumors.

196
Q

paclitaxel

A

TAXing to stay polymerized, hyperstabilized polymerized microtubules so can’t break down mitotic spindle. for ovarian/breast cancers.

197
Q

vinblastine

A

vinBLASTine BLASTs Bone marrow (suppression).

Step 1 Review (6 decks)

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