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Board Prep > First Aid: Key Associations > Flashcards

First Aid: Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

actinic (solar) keratosis

A

precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)

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3
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

skip lesions (Crohn disease)

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5
Q

aortic aneurysm, abdominal

A

atherosclerosis

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6
Q

aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch

A

tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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7
Q

aortic aneurysm, thoracic

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration

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8
Q

aortic dissection

A

hypertension

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9
Q

atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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10
Q

autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

sickle cell disease (HbS)

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11
Q

bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

S. penumoniae

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13
Q

bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

newborns: group B streptococcus & E. coli

kids/teens: S. pneumoniae & N. meningitidis

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14
Q

bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)

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15
Q

bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

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16
Q

brain tumor (adults)

A

supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma

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17
Q

brain tumor (kids)

A

infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum), or
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

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18
Q

breast cancer

A

invasive ductal carcinoma

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19
Q

breast mass

A

fibrocytic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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20
Q

breast tumor (benign)

A

fibroadenoma

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21
Q

cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)

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23
Q

cardiac tumor (adults)

A

metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball and valve”)

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24
Q

cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari II malformation

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25
Q

chronic arrhythmia

A

atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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26
Q

chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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27
Q

clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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28
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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29
Q

congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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30
Q

congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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31
Q

constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)

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32
Q

coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > circumflex

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33
Q

cretinism

A

iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism

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34
Q

Cushing syndrome

A
  1. Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
  2. Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
  3. ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease)
  4. Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
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35
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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36
Q

cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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37
Q

death in CML

A

blast crisis

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38
Q

death in SLE

A

lupus nephropathy

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39
Q

dementia

A

Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

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40
Q

demyelinating disease in young women

A

multiple sclerosis

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41
Q

DIC

A

severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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42
Q

dietary deficit

A

iron

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43
Q

diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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44
Q

ejection click

A

aortic stenosis

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45
Q

esophageal cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

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46
Q

food poisoning (toxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cerus

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47
Q

glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

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48
Q

gynecologic malignancy

A

endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

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49
Q

heart murmur, congenital

A

mitral valve prolapse

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50
Q

heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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51
Q

Helminth infection (U.S.)

A

Enterobium vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides

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52
Q

Hematoma–epidural

A

rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

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53
Q

hematoma–subdural

A

rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

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54
Q

hemochromatosis

A

multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes,” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

55
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)

56
Q

hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

57
Q

hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

58
Q

HLA-B27

A

ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis

59
Q

HLA-DR3

A

diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis

60
Q

HLA-DR4

A

diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis

61
Q

holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

62
Q

hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)

63
Q

hypertension, secondary

A

renal disease

64
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

accidental excision during thryoidectomy

65
Q

hypopituitarism

A

pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

66
Q

infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

hepatitis C

67
Q

infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)

68
Q

intellectual disabilitiy

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

69
Q

kidney stones

A
  1. Calcium = radiopaque
  2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease + organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and S. saprophyticus)
  3. uric acid = radiolucent
70
Q

late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

71
Q

liver disease

A

alcoholic cirrhosis

72
Q

lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher disease

73
Q

male cancer

A

prostatic carcinoma

74
Q

malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

75
Q

malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

76
Q

metastases to bone

A

prostate, breast > lung > thyroid

77
Q

metastases to brain

A

lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI

78
Q

metastases to liver

A

colon&raquo_space; stomach, pancreas

79
Q

mitochondrial inheritance

A

disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

80
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

rheumatic heart disease

81
Q

mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

82
Q

myocarditis

A

coxsackie B

83
Q

nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

84
Q

nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

minimal change disease

85
Q

neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

86
Q

nosocomial pneumonia

A

S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram-negative rods

87
Q

obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

88
Q

opening snap

A

mitral stenosis

89
Q

opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

90
Q

osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus (most common overall)

91
Q

osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

salmonella

92
Q

osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, Candida, S. aureus

93
Q

ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

serous cystadenoma

94
Q

ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

95
Q

pancreatitis (acute)

A

gallstones, alcohol

96
Q

pancreatitis (chronic)

A

alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

97
Q

patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child
CLL: adult >60

AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 45-85

98
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae

99
Q

philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

100
Q

pituitary tumor

A

prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma

101
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45, XO)

102
Q

primary bone tumor (adults)

A

multiple myeloma

103
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism

A

adenoma of adrenal cortex

104
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

105
Q

primary liver cancer

A

hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, a1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)

106
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

107
Q

recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

108
Q

renal tumor

A

renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PRHrP, ACTH)

109
Q

right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

cor pulmonale

110
Q

S3 heart sound

A

increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles

111
Q

S4 heart sound

A

stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

112
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

113
Q

sexually transmitted disease

A

C. trachomatis (usually coinfected with N. gonorrhoeae)

114
Q

SIADH

A

small cell carcinoma of the lung

115
Q

site of diverticula

A

sigmoid colon

116
Q

sites of atherosclerosis

A

abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

117
Q

stomach cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

118
Q

stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

119
Q

t(14;18)

A

follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptosis oncogene)

120
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)

121
Q

t(9;22)

A

philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)

122
Q

temporal arteritis

A

risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

123
Q

testicular tumor

A

seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)

124
Q

thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinoma

125
Q

tumor in women

A

leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

126
Q

tumor of infancy

A

strawberry hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

127
Q

tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

128
Q

tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

neuroblastoma (malignant)

129
Q

type of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

130
Q

type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

131
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

132
Q

vertebral compression fracture

A

osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)

133
Q

viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

134
Q

vitamin deficiency (U.S.)

A

folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3 to 4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

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