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Board Prep > First Aid: Classic Labs/Findings > Flashcards

First Aid: Classic Labs/Findings Flashcards

1
Q

Anticentromere antibodies

A

Scleroderma (CREST)

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2
Q

Anti-desmoglein (epithelial) antibodies

A

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

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3
Q

Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)

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4
Q

Antihistone antibodies

A

Drug-induced SLE (e.g., hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)

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5
Q

Anti-IgG antibodies

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, join pannus, boutonniere deformity)

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6
Q

Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, protal hypertension)

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7
Q

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

A

Microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg Strauss syndrome) (MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA) Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA)

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8
Q

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

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9
Q

Antiplatelet antibodies

A

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

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10
Q

Anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

Diffuse systemic scleroderma

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11
Q

Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies

A

Celiac disease (diarrhea, weight loss)

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12
Q

Apple core” lesion on barium enema x-ray”

A

Colorectal cancer (usually left_sided)

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13
Q

Atypical lymphocytes

A

EBV

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14
Q

Azurophilic peroxidase (+) granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts

A

Auer rods (AML, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type)

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15
Q

Bacitracin response

A

Sensitive: S. pyogenes (group A) Resistant: S. agalactiae (group B)

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16
Q

Bamboo spine” on x-ray”

A

Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)

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17
Q

Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)

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18
Q

Basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

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19
Q

Bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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20
Q

“Boot-shaped” heart on x-ray”

A

Tetralogy of Fallot (due to RVH)

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21
Q

Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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22
Q

Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging

A

Pancoast tumor (can compress cervical sympathetic chain and cause Horner syndrome)

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23
Q

Brown” tumor of bone”

A

Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)

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24
Q

Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

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25
Q

Cellular crescents in bowman capsule

A

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

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26
Q

Chocolate cyst” of ovary”

A

Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

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27
Q

Circular groupign of dark tumor cells surroundign pale neurofibrils

A

Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma)

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28
Q

Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs

A

Cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene → fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)

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29
Q

Decreased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities

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30
Q

Degeneration of dorsal column fibers

A

Tabes dorsalis (tertiary symphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal, spinocerebellar tracts affected)

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31
Q

Delta wave” on EKG, short PR interval, supraventricular tachycardia”

A

Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome (Bundle of Kent bypasses AV node)

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32
Q

Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra

A

Parkinson disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

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33
Q

Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curschmann spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)

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34
Q

Disarrayed granulosa cells arranged around collectinos of eosinophilic fluid

A

Call_Exner bodies (granuloa cell tumor of the ovary)

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35
Q

Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with raisinoid” nuclei and hyperchormasia”

A

Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)

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36
Q

Electrical alternans (alternating amplitude on EKG)

A

Pericardial tamponade

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37
Q

Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

“Owl eye” appearance of CMV”

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38
Q

Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei with central clearing

A

Orphan Annie” eyes nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)”

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39
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

A

Mallory body (alcoholic liver disease)

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40
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell

A

Lewy body (Parkinson disease)

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41
Q

Eosinophilic globule in liver

A

Councilman body (viral hepatitis, yellow fever), represents hepatocyte undergoing apoptosis

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42
Q

Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar neurons

A

Negri bodies of rabies

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43
Q

Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A

Senile plaques (Alzheimer disease)

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44
Q

Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (owl’s eye”)”

A

Reed_Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)

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45
Q

Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)

46
Q

Hair on end” (“Crew-cut”) appearance on x-ray”

A

Beta thalassemia Sickle cell disease (marrow expansion)

47
Q

hCG elevated

A

Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo, and multiple pregnancy)

48
Q

Heart nodules (granulomatous)

A

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

49
Q

Heterophile antibodies

A

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

50
Q

Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)

51
Q

High level of D-dimers

A

DVT, PE, DIC

52
Q

Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)

A

Ghon complex (primary TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)

53
Q

Honeycomb lung” on x-ray or CT”

A

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

54
Q

Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)

A

Trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)

55
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neuro symptoms) (Folate deficiency: no neuro symptoms)

56
Q

Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)

57
Q

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal Hb sometimes present)

58
Q

Increased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)

59
Q

Increased uric acid levels

A

gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics

60
Q

intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or VZV)

61
Q

iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma)

62
Q

keratin pearls on a skin biopsy

A

squamous cell carcinoma

63
Q

large granules in phagocytes, immunodeficiency

A

Chediak-Higasthi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)

64
Q

lead pipe” appearance of colon on abdominal imaging”

A

ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)

65
Q

linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membranes

A

Goodpasture syndrome

66
Q

Low serum ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

67
Q

lumpy bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence”

A

post_streptococcal glomerulonephritis (due to deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3)

68
Q

lytic (“punched-out”) bone lesion on x-ray”

A

multiple myeloma

69
Q

mammary gland (blue domed”) cyst”

A

fibrocystic change of the breast

70
Q

monoclonal antibody spike

A

Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA) Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS consequence of aging) Waldenstrom (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia Primary amyloidosis

71
Q

Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

Signet ring” (gastric carcinoma)”

72
Q

narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray

A

string sign” (Crohn disease)”

73
Q

necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA) and Goodpasture syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)

74
Q

needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

A

gout (monosodium urate crystals)

75
Q

nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

76
Q

novobiocin response

A

sensitive: S. epidermidis resistant: S. saprophyticus

77
Q

Nutmeg” appearance of liver”

A

chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure or Budd-Chiari syndrome

78
Q

onion skin” periosteal reaction”

A

Ewing sarcoma (malignant small blue cell tumor)

79
Q

optochin response

A

Sensitive: Strep. pneumonia Resistant: viridans streptococci (S. mutans, S. sanguis)

80
Q

periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area

A

Codman triangle on x-ray, Ewing sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis

81
Q

podocyte fusion or effacement” on electron microscopy”

A

minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

82
Q

polished, ivory-like” appearance of bone at cartilage erosion”

A

eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

83
Q

protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein

A

neurofibrillary tangle (Alzheimer disease) and Pick bodies (Pick disease)

84
Q

psammoma bodies

A

meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary

85
Q

pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

glioblastoma multiforme

86
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

glomerulonephritis

87
Q

rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)

88
Q

Recurrent infections, eczema, thrombocytopenia

A

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

89
Q

renal epithelial casts in urine

A

intrinsic renal failure (e.g., ischemia or toxic injury)

90
Q

rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)

91
Q

rib notching

A

coarctation of the aorta

92
Q

ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS

A

Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma

93
Q

histology)”

A

Burkitt lymphoma (t[8;14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; starry sky” made up of malignant cells)”

94
Q

silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

A

Pick bodies (Pick disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)

95
Q

soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray”

A

giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

96
Q

spikes” on basement membrane, “dome-like” subepithelial deposits”

A

membranous nephropathy (nephrotic syndrome)

97
Q

stacks of RBCs

A

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

98
Q

steeple” sign on CXR”

A

croup (parainfluenza virus)

99
Q

stippled vaginal epithelial cells

A

clue cells” (Gardnerella vaginalis)”

100
Q

streptococcus bovis bacteremia

A

colon cancer

101
Q

tennis racket-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells”

A

Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)

102
Q

thousands of polyps on colonoscopy

A

familial adenomatous polyposis (autosomal dominant, mutation of APC gene)

103
Q

thrombi made of whit/red layers

A

lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

104
Q

thumb sign” on lateral neck x-ray”

A

epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenze)

105
Q

thyroid-like appearance of kidney

A

chronic pyelonephritis (usually due to recurrent infections)

106
Q

“tram-track” appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy”

A

membranoproliferative glomerulophritis

107
Q

triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

108
Q

“waxy” casts with very low urine flow”

A

chronic end-stage renal disease

109
Q

WBC casts in urine

A

acute pyelonephritis

110
Q

WBCs that look smudged” CLL (almost always B cell)”

A

CLL (almost always B cell)

111
Q

wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy”

A

diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (usually seen with lupus)

112
Q

yellowish CSF

A

xanthochromia (e.g., due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)

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