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Allergy and Immunology > First Aid, Chapter 1 Immune Mechanisms, Cell Adhesion Molecules > Flashcards

First Aid, Chapter 1 Immune Mechanisms, Cell Adhesion Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 classes of adhesion molecules?

A

Chemokines
Selectins
Integrins
Immunoglobulin superfamily

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2
Q

What is the function of cell adhesion molecules?

A

Think of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) as traffic cops: they aid in directing the traffic of leukocytes to areas of inflammation.

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3
Q

What are the 4 families of chemokines that are most important to know?

A

C
CC
CXC
CX3

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4
Q

What are the leukocytes associated with the “CC” family of chemokines? What do they trigger?

A

Eo’s, Baso’s, Mono’s

Involved in Allergy

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5
Q

What are the leukocytes associated with the CXC family of chemokines? What do they trigger? What are the 2 different functions?

A

PMN’s
Inflammation
-ELR - angiogenic, acts through CXCR2
-Non-ELR - angiostatic, acts via CXCR3B, induced by interferons

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6
Q

What is the homeostatic chemokine/receptor interaction? What is the action?

A

CCL19/CCL21 → CCR7 → Lymphocyte Homing

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7
Q

What is the inflammatory chemokine/receptor interaction? What is the action?

A

CCL17/CCL22 → CCR4 → pro Th2 response

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8
Q

What kind of receptors do chemokines signal through?

A

G protein-coupled receptors

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9
Q

What pathways do chemokines trigger via G-protein coupled receptors?

A
  • Chemokines -> G-protein-coupled receptors -> PLC activation -> increase Ca2+
  • Chemokines -> G-protein-coupled receptors->MAP kinase activation -> ERK, JNK, or p38
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10
Q

What are the receptors for CCL5 (RANTES?

A

CCR 1,3,5

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11
Q

What is the ligand for CCR 1,3,5?

A

CCL5 (RANTES)

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12
Q

What is the receptor for CCL11 (Eotaxin)?

A

CCR3

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13
Q

What is the ligand for CCR3?

A

CCL11 (Eotaxin)

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14
Q

What is the receptor for CCL17 (TARC)?

A

CCR4

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15
Q

What is the ligand for CCR4?

A

CCL17 (TARC)

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16
Q

What is the receptor for CXCL8 (IL-8)?

A

CXCR 1,2

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17
Q

What is the ligand for CXCR 1,2?

A

CXCL8 (IL-8)

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18
Q

What does RANTES stand for?

A

regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted

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19
Q

What does TARC stand for?

A

thymus and activation-regulated cytokine

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20
Q

What are some decoy chemokine receptors?

A

DARC (duffy), D6, CCX-CKR

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21
Q

What is the clinical significant of DARC? What is the clinical significance of mutations in DARC?

A

Protects against metastasis; mutation in GATA in DARC gene confers malaria protection in African Americans.

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22
Q

What is CCX-CKR a target for?

A

Target for CCL19 and CCL21

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23
Q

In LAD-2, what are PMNs unable to express?

A

Carbohydrate ligands for E and P selectin.

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24
Q

What are the locations of P Selectin (CD62P)

A

Platelets, and Weibel-Palade bodies of the endothelium

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25
Q

What is the ligand for P selectin?

A

PGSL and Sialyl-Lewis X

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26
Q

What is the function of P selectin?

A

Binds PMNs, T lymphocytes, and monocytes

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27
Q

What is the location of E Selectin (ELAM endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule and CD62E) ?

A

Endothelium

28
Q

What is the ligand for E Selectin?

A

ESL-1, CD15, PGSL, and SialylLewis X

29
Q

What is the function of E selectin?

A

Homing of T lymphocytes to peripheral sites of inflammation

30
Q

What is the location of L Selectin (LAM-1 and CD62L)?

A

Lymphocytes and leukocytes

31
Q

What is the ligand of L Selectin?

A

GLYCAM-1, MADCAM-1, CD34, and Sialyl-Lewis X

32
Q

What is the funciton of L selectin?

A

Homing to lymph node HEV (GLYCAM) and PMN rolling (MAdCAM)

33
Q

What selectin is increased in Kawasaki’s Disease?

A

ELAM (Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule)

34
Q

What is the function of selectins? What do they bind to?

A

All three types of selectins are involved in the rolling of leukocytes, and they bind carbohydrates.

35
Q

What is the function of integrins?

A

All integrins are involved in adhesive interplay between APCs and lymphocytes as well as lymphocyte homing.

36
Q

What are the three families of integrins?

A

B1, B2, B3

37
Q

What is the name of the B1 integrin? What is its synonym?

A

A4B1 or VLA4

38
Q

What is the ligand for A4B1 or VLA4 integrin?

A

VCAM

39
Q

What is the function of A4B1 or VLA4 integrin?

A

Important for neuronal homing; used as treatment for multiple sclerosis

40
Q

What are the other names of LFA1?

A

AlB2 or CD11a/CD18

41
Q

What is the ligand of AlB2 (LFA1)?

A

ICAM-1

42
Q

What is the function of AlB2 (LFA1)?

A

Rhinovirus binds here

43
Q

What is another name for AmB2?

A

MAC1, CD11b/CD18

44
Q

What is the ligand for AmB2?

A

ICAM-1, iC3B (CR3)

45
Q

What is another name for AxB2?

A

CD11c/CD18

46
Q

What is the ligand for AxB2?

A

ICAM3, C3dg, iC3B (CR4)

47
Q

What is the function of AvB3 integrin?

A

Important for platelets and GIIBIIIa.

48
Q

What does a4B7 bind to and what is its function?

A

The fourth β integrins family, α4β7 is also important. This family is a mucosal addressin that binds to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM) and it is important for gut homing.

49
Q

What are the immunoglobulin superfamily molecules involved in cell trafficking?

A

ICAM1 (CD54), ICAM2 (CD102), ICAM3 (CD50), ICAM4 (CD242), VCAM1 (CD106), PECAM (CD31), MadCAM, NCAM (CD56)

50
Q

What is the other name for CD54? What does it bind?

A

ICAM1 (CD54) → binds LFA1, MAC1, and rhinovirus

51
Q

What is the other name for CD102? What does it bind?

A

ICAM2 (CD102) → binds LFA1

52
Q

What is the other name for CD50? What does it bind?

A

ICAM3 (CD50) → binds LFA1 and CD18

53
Q

What is the other name for CD242? What does it bind?

A

ICAM4 (CD242) → binds LFA1 and CD18

54
Q

What is the other name for CD106? What does it bind? What type of tissue is involved?

A

VCAM1 (CD106) → binds VLA4 (α4β1); vascular

55
Q

What is the other name for CD31? What does it bind? What type of cells are involved?

A

PECAM (CD31) → binds CD31 and CD38; platelets

56
Q

What does MadCAM bind?

A

MAdCAM → binds mucosal addressin (α4β7); mucosa

57
Q

What is the other name for CD56? What does it bind to? What type of cell is involved?

A

NCAM (CD56) → binds VLA4 (α4β1); neuronal

58
Q

What chemokine is associated with heparin induced thrombocytopenia?

A

CXCL4

59
Q

What chemokines are associated with asthma and allergies?

A

CCL2, 5, 7, 11; CXCL8

60
Q

How does a homozygous CCR5 mutation affect HIV?

A

Homozygotes - no infection

61
Q

How does a heterozygote CCR5 mutation affect HIV?

A

slow progressors of infection

62
Q

How does a mutation in CXCR4 affect HIV?

A

T trophic

63
Q

How does a CCL3L1 mutation infection HIV?

A

Low level -> higher HIV acquisition, high viral load, worse disease

64
Q

What chemokine defects are involved in atherosclerosis?

A

CXC3CL1, CX3CR1

65
Q

How does a V249I mutation in CX3CR1 affect atherosclerosis (also known as fractalkine)?

A

V2491 -> increased risk of acute coronary syndrome

66
Q

How does a V280M mutation in CX3CR1 affect atherosclerosis (also known as fractalkine)?

A

T280M→ Prevents plaque entry (confers protection)

67
Q

What does GIIbIIIa defect lead to?

A

platelet defect in Glanzmann’s thromasthenia

Allergy and Immunology (68 decks)

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