Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > First-Aid > Flashcards

First-Aid Flashcards

0
Q

Thalamus

VPL

A
  • spinothalamic and dorsal columns

- Pain and temp; pressure, touch, vibration, and proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

the hypothalamus wears TAN HATS:

  • Thirst and water balance
  • Adenohypophysis control (regulates anterior pituitary)
  • Neurohypophysis releases hormones produced in hypothalamus
  • Hunger
  • Autonomic regulation
  • Temperature regulation
  • Sexual urges
  • not protected by blood-brain barrier
  • ADH + Oxytocin but stored and released by posterior pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Thalamus

VPM

A
  • Trigeminal and gustatory pathways

- Face sensation and taste (makeup goes on the face)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Thalamus

LGN

A
  • CN II

- Vision (Lateral = Light)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thalamus

MGN

A
  • Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

- hearing (medial = music)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thalamus

VL

A
  • basal ganglia, cerebellum

- motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Limbic system

A

the famous 5 F’s

  • Feeding
  • Fleeing
  • Fighting
  • Feeling
  • Sex

structures: hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies, and cingulate gyrus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cerebellum

A

Modulates movements; aids in coordination and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

important in voluntary movements and making postural adjustments.
provides negative feedback to cortex to modulate movements.
Straitum = putamen(motor) + caudate(cognitive)
Lentiform = putamen + globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parkinson disease

A

Parkinson TRAPS your body

  • Tremor
  • cogwheel Rigidity
  • Akinesia (or bradykinesia)
  • Postural instability
  • Shuffling gait
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Huntington disease

A

expansion of CAG repeats (anticipation)

- Caudate loses ACh and GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hemiballismus

A

“Half-of-body ballistic”

  • Sudden, wild flinging of 1 arm +/- ipsilateral leg
  • contralateral subthalamic nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chorea

A

Chorea = dancing

  • Sudden, jerky, purposeless movements
  • basal ganglia (e.g.,Huntington)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Athetosis

A

Writhing, snake like movements

  • Slow, writhing movements; especially seen in fingers
  • Basal ganglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Myoclonus

A

Jerks; hiccups; common in metabolic abnormalities such as renal and liver failure.
- sudden, brief, uncontrolled muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dystonia

A

Sustained, involuntary muscle contractions

- writer’s cramp; blepharospasm (sustained eyelid twitch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lesion of Amygdala (bilateral)

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome (hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior)
- Associated with HSV-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lesion of Frontal lobe

A

Disinhibition and deficits in concentration, orentation, and judgment; my have reemergence of primitive reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lesion of Right parietal-temporal cortex

A

spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia of the contralateral side of the world)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lesion of Left parietal-temporal cortex

A

Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation
- Gerstmann syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lesion of Reticula activating system (midbrain)

A

Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness

21
Q

Lesion of Mammillary Bodies (bilateral)

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
-problems come in a CAN of beer:
Confusion, Ataxia, Nystagmus

22
Q

Lesion of Basal Ganglia

A

May result in tremor at rest, chorea, or athetosis

-Parkinson disease

23
Q

Lesion of Cerebellar hemisphere

A

Intention tremor, limb ataxia, and loss of balance; damage to the cerebellum results in ipsilateral deficits; fall toward side of lesion

24
Q

Lesion of subthalamic nucleus

A

contralateral hemiballismus

25
Q

Lesion of Hippocampus (bilateral)

A

Anterograde amnesia - inability to make new memories

26
Q

Lesion of Frontal eye fields

A

eyes look toward lesion

27
Q

Lesion of paramedian pontine reticular formation

A

eyes look away from side of lesion

28
Q

Aphasia

A

higher-order inability to speak

29
Q

Dysarthria

A

motor inability to speak

30
Q

MCA

A
  • anterior circulation
  • upper limb and face (motor+sensory cortex)
  • contralateral paralysis + loss of sensation
  • Temporal lobe (Wernicke area); frontal lobe (Broca area)
  • Aphasia if in dominant (usually left) hemisphere
  • Hemineglect if in non-dominant
31
Q

ACA

A
  • Lower limb Motor + Sensory cortex
  • frontal lobe abnormality
  • contralateral
32
Q

Lenticulostriate artery

A
  • Striatum, internal capsule

- Contralateral hemiparesis/ hemiplegia

33
Q

Anterior spinal artery

A
  • medial medullary syndrome
  • lateral corticospinal tract=contralateral hemiparesis-upper+lower limb
  • medial lemniscus= decreased contralateral proprioception
  • caudal medulla-hypoglossal nerve=tongue deviates ipsilateral

-stroke commonly billateral

34
Q

posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

A
  • “Don’t pick a (PICA) horse (hoarseness) that can’t eat (dysphagia).”
  • lateral medullary (Wallenburg) syndrome
  • Lateral medulla=vestibular nuclei, lateral spinothalamic tract, spinal trigeminal nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, sympathetic fibers, inferior cerebellar peduncle.
  • Vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus
  • less pain+temp sensation from ipsilateral face and contralateral body
  • dysphagia, hoarseness, less gag reflex
  • ipsilateral Horner syndrome
  • ataxia, dysmentria
35
Q

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)

A
  • “Facial droop means AICA’s pooped.”
  • Lateral Pontine syndrome
  • Lateral pons: cranial nerve nuclei; vestibulr nuclei, facial nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, cochlear nuclei, sympathetic fibers.
  • vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus
  • Paralysis of the face, less lacrimation, salivation, less taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, less corneal reflex
  • face= less pain+temp
  • ipsilateral less hearing and Horner syndrome
  • Middle + inferior cerebellar peduncles; ataxia, dysmetria
36
Q

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

A
  • Occipital cortex, visual cortex

- Contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing

37
Q

Basilar Artery

A
  • Pons, medulla, lower midbrain, corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, ocular cranial nerve nuclei, paramedian pontine reticular formation
  • preserved consciousness and blinking, quadriplegia, loss of voluntary facial, mouth, and tongue movements.
  • “Locked-in syndrome.”
38
Q

anterior communicating artery

A
  • most common lesion is aneurysm
  • can lead to stroke.
  • Saccular (berry) aneurysm can impinge cranial nerves
  • visual field defects
39
Q

Posterior communicating artery

A
  • Common site of saccular aneurysm

- CN III palsy-eye is down and out with ptosis and pupil dilation

40
Q

Aneurysms

A

in general, an abnormal dilation of artery due to weakening of vessel wall.

41
Q

Berry aneurysm

A
  • occurs at bifurcations in the circle of Willis.
  • most common in ACom A. and ACA
  • Rupture leads to subarachnoid hemorrhage (“worst headache of life”)
  • associted with: ADPKD, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Marfans syndrome.
42
Q

Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm

A
  • associated with chronic hypertension

- affects small vessels (e.g., in basal ganglia, thalamus)

43
Q

Central post-stroke pain syndrome

A

Neuropathic pain due to thalamic lesions. Initial sensation of numbness and tingling followed in weeks to months by allodynia (ordinarily painless stimuli cause pain) and dysaesthesia. occurs in 10% of stroke patients.

44
Q

Epidural hematoma

A
  • rupture of middle meningeal artery, often 2nd to fracture of temporal bone
  • lucid interval
  • CT shows biconvex (lentiform)
45
Q

Subdural hematoma

A
  • rupture of bridging veins
  • slow venous bleeding (less pressure = develops over time)
  • elderly, alcoholics, blunt trauma, shaken baby
  • Crescent shaped hemorrhage that crosses suture lines
  • midline shift
46
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A
  • rupture of an aneurysm
  • rapid time course
  • worst headache of my life
  • bloody/yellow spinal tap
47
Q

Intraparenchymal (hypertensive) hemorrhage

A
  • most commonly caused by systematic hypertension.
  • typically occurs in basal ganglia and internal capsule (Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm of lenticulostrite vessels), but can be lobar.
48
Q

Ischemic brain disease/stroke

A
  • irreversible damage after 5 mins

- most vulnerable: hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum, watershed areas

49
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A
  • intracranial bleeding, often due to hypertension, anticoagulation, and cancer.
  • basal ganglia is most common site
50
Q

Ischemic stroke

A
  • Acute blockage of vessels
  • Results in liquified necrosis
  • 3 types:
    • Thrombotic= clot directly at site, commonly MCA
    • Embolic= embolus from another part of body
    • Hypoxic= due to hypoperfusion or hypoxemia, cardiovascular surgery

Neuro (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions